War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 9001795
In this new take on Chinas early modern history, Peter Lorge presents a fresh overview of the repeated recreation of the Chinese empire through military force. Emphasizing the relationship between the military and politics, and Chinas power as an empire, Lorge argues that the strength of the territorial claims and political impact of each dynasty were determined primarily by their military capacity rather than by their cultural characteristics.
Using a chronological narrative, War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 9001795 breaks free of the dynastic boundaries that shape much scholarship in this area, focusing instead on the growing power of local elites. This power eventually led to a system of loose central control to the sacrifice of real, centralized power over local affairs.
Ideal for students of military and Asian studies, War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 9001795 is essential reading for anyone interested in the military history of China.
Peter Lorge is Senior Lecturer in Chinese History and Film at Vanderbilt University.
WARFARE AND HISTORY
Series Editor: Jeremy Black
Professor of History, University of Exeter
AIR POWER IN THE AGE OF TOTAL WAR
John Buckley
THE ARMIES OF THE CALIPHS: MILITARY AND SOCIETY IN THE EARLY ISLAMIC STATE
Hugh Kennedy
THE BALKAN WARS, 19121913: PRELUDE TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Richard C. Hall
ENGLISH WARFARE, 15111642 Mark Charles Fissel
EUROPEAN AND NATIVE AMERICAN WARFARE, 16751815
Armstrong Starkey
EUROPEAN WARFARE, 14941660
Jeremy Black
EUROPEAN WARFARE, 16601815
Jeremy Black
THE FIRST PUNIC WAR J.F. Lazenby
FRONTIERSMEN: WARFARE IN AFRICA SINCE 1950
Anthony Clayton
GERMAN ARMIES: WAR AND GERMAN POLITICS, 16481806
Peter H. Wilson
THE GREAT WAR 19141918 Spencer C. Tucker
THE IRISH AND BRITISH WARS, 16371654. TRIUMPH, TRAGEDY, AND FAILURE
James Scott Wheeler
ISRAELS WARS, 19471993
Ahron Bregman
THE KOREAN WAR: NO VICTORS, NO VANQUISHED
Stanley Sandler
MEDIEVAL CHINESE WARFARE, 300900
David A. Gra ff
MEDIEVAL NAVAL WARFARE, 10001500
Susan Rose
MODERN CHINESE WARFARE, 17951989
Bruce A. Elleman
MODERN INSURGENCIES AND COUNTER-INSURGENCIES: GUERRILLAS AND THEIR OPPONENTS SINCE 1750
Ian F.W. Beckett
MUGHAL WARFARE: IMPERIAL FRONTIERS AND HIGHROADS TO EMPIRE 15001700
Jos Gommans
NAVAL WARFARE, 18151914 Lawrence Sondhaus
OTTOMAN WARFARE, 15001700
Rhoads Murphey
THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR: A MILITARY STUDY J.F. Lazenby
SAMURAI, WARFARE AND THE STATE IN EARLY MEDIEVAL JAPAN
Karl F. Friday
SEAPOWER AND NAVAL WARFARE, 16501830 Richard Harding
THE SOVIET MILITARY EXPERIENCE
Roger R. Reese
VIETNAM Spencer C. Tucker
THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN SOCIETY
Harry M. Ward
WAR AND THE STATE IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE: SPAIN, THE DUTCH REPUBLIC AND SWEDEN AS FISCAL-MILITARY STATES, 15001660
Jan Glete
WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN EUROPE, 17921914 Geo ff rey Wawro
WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN EUROPE, 1898 TO THE PRESENT
Michael S. Neiberg
WARFARE AT SEA, 15001650
Jan Glete
WARFARE IN ATLANTIC AFRICA, 15001800: MARITIME CONFLICTS AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE
John K. Thornton
WARFARE, STATE AND SOCIETY IN THE BYZANTINE WORLD, 5651204
John Haldon
WAR IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD, 14501815 Edited by Jeremy Black
WARS OF IMPERIAL CONQUEST IN AFRICA, 18301914
Bruce Vandervort
WESTERN WARFARE IN THE AGE OF THE CRUSADES, 10001300
John France
WAR AND SOCIETY IN IMPERIAL ROME, 31 bcad 284 Brian Campbell
WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN THE BARBARIAN WEST
Guy Halsall
WAR IN THE MODERN WORLD SINCE 1815
Edited by Jeremy Black
WORLD WAR TWO: A MILITARY HISTORY
Jeremy Black
WARFARE IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST, TO c. 1600 bc
William J. Hamblin
First published 2005
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2005 Peter Lorge
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ISBN10: 0-415-31690-1 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0-415-31691-X (pbk)
ISBN13: 9-78-0-415-31690-3 (hbk)
ISBN13: 9-78-0-415-31691-0 (pbk)
Introduction
For in war its experience of action that matters. The so-called Seven Military Classics are full of nonsense about water and fire, lucky omens and advice on the weather, all at random and contradicting each other. I told my officials once that if you followed these books, youd never win a battle... All one needs is an inflexible will and careful planning.
The Kangxi emperor (16541772), Emperor of China
There is no such thing as China. In the same sense, there is also no such thing as Europe. By this I mean that the terms China and Europe do not refer to specific, unchanging territories, or static, monolithic cultures. And while there are places and aspects of culture that are undeniably Chinese, in whatever sense we wish to understand this, there are also places, and aspects of culture, that have less clear pedigrees. This is not to say that the term is useless or meaningless, only that it is not neutral and needs to be defined. A given dynastys territorial and cultural claims were political statements and must be understood as such. The extent to which those claims corresponded to what a government actually controlled was a military question. In every dynasty since the Qin (221206 bce), China was an inherently imperial term, defined politically and enforced militarily.
The traditional Chinese state (after 221 bce) has not been commonly characterized as martial or even imperial in the sense that it encompassed diverse lands and peoples who did not share its culture. It has most usually been portrayed as a civil-oriented bureaucracy, staffed by scholar-officials who qualified for their positions by passing rigorous exams, dominated by Confucian beliefs, and held together at the most basic level by a common Han Chinese culture which spanned most of the Chinese ecumene. or in Europe, where, after the Romans, no one was able to build an empire of comparable territorial or cultural span for the lifetime of even a single conqueror. Rather than attempt to explain why South Asians and Europeans were so inept at South Asian and European empire building respectively, I will attempt to explain instead why the Chinese, Mongols and Manchus were so skilled at Chinese empire building.