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Lorge - War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900-1795

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Lorge War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900-1795
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This comprehensive survey of Chinese military history is the only book in English to span the significant years from 900 - 1795. Peter Lorge questions current theories on Chinas relationship to war, and argues that war was the most important tool used by the Chinese in building and maintaining their empire. Emphasizing the relationship between the military and politics, chapters are organised around specific military events and, Lorge argues, the strength of territorial claims and political impact of each dynasty were determined by their military capacity. Ideal as a course adoption text for Asian military studies, this is also valuable for students of Chinese studies, military studies and Chinese history.

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War Politics and Society in Early Modern China 9001795 In this new take on - photo 1

War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 9001795


In this new take on Chinas early modern history, Peter Lorge presents a fresh overview of the repeated recreation of the Chinese empire through military force. Emphasizing the relationship between the military and politics, and Chinas power as an empire, Lorge argues that the strength of the territorial claims and political impact of each dynasty were determined primarily by their military capacity rather than by their cultural characteristics.

Using a chronological narrative, War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 9001795 breaks free of the dynastic boundaries that shape much scholarship in this area, focusing instead on the growing power of local elites. This power eventually led to a system of loose central control to the sacrifice of real, centralized power over local affairs.

Ideal for students of military and Asian studies, War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 9001795 is essential reading for anyone interested in the military history of China.


Peter Lorge is Senior Lecturer in Chinese History and Film at Vanderbilt University.

WARFARE AND HISTORY

Series Editor: Jeremy Black

Professor of History, University of Exeter


AIR POWER IN THE AGE OF TOTAL WAR
John Buckley


THE ARMIES OF THE CALIPHS: MILITARY AND SOCIETY IN THE EARLY ISLAMIC STATE
Hugh Kennedy


THE BALKAN WARS, 19121913: PRELUDE TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Richard C. Hall


ENGLISH WARFARE, 15111642 Mark Charles Fissel


EUROPEAN AND NATIVE AMERICAN WARFARE, 16751815
Armstrong Starkey


EUROPEAN WARFARE, 14941660
Jeremy Black


EUROPEAN WARFARE, 16601815
Jeremy Black


THE FIRST PUNIC WAR J.F. Lazenby


FRONTIERSMEN: WARFARE IN AFRICA SINCE 1950
Anthony Clayton


GERMAN ARMIES: WAR AND GERMAN POLITICS, 16481806
Peter H. Wilson


THE GREAT WAR 19141918 Spencer C. Tucker


THE IRISH AND BRITISH WARS, 16371654. TRIUMPH, TRAGEDY, AND FAILURE
James Scott Wheeler


ISRAELS WARS, 19471993
Ahron Bregman


THE KOREAN WAR: NO VICTORS, NO VANQUISHED
Stanley Sandler


MEDIEVAL CHINESE WARFARE, 300900
David A. Gra ff


MEDIEVAL NAVAL WARFARE, 10001500
Susan Rose


MODERN CHINESE WARFARE, 17951989
Bruce A. Elleman


MODERN INSURGENCIES AND COUNTER-INSURGENCIES: GUERRILLAS AND THEIR OPPONENTS SINCE 1750
Ian F.W. Beckett


MUGHAL WARFARE: IMPERIAL FRONTIERS AND HIGHROADS TO EMPIRE 15001700
Jos Gommans


NAVAL WARFARE, 18151914 Lawrence Sondhaus


OTTOMAN WARFARE, 15001700
Rhoads Murphey


THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR: A MILITARY STUDY J.F. Lazenby


SAMURAI, WARFARE AND THE STATE IN EARLY MEDIEVAL JAPAN
Karl F. Friday


SEAPOWER AND NAVAL WARFARE, 16501830 Richard Harding


THE SOVIET MILITARY EXPERIENCE
Roger R. Reese


VIETNAM Spencer C. Tucker


THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN SOCIETY
Harry M. Ward


WAR AND THE STATE IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE: SPAIN, THE DUTCH REPUBLIC AND SWEDEN AS FISCAL-MILITARY STATES, 15001660
Jan Glete


WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN EUROPE, 17921914 Geo ff rey Wawro


WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN EUROPE, 1898 TO THE PRESENT
Michael S. Neiberg


WARFARE AT SEA, 15001650
Jan Glete


WARFARE IN ATLANTIC AFRICA, 15001800: MARITIME CONFLICTS AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE
John K. Thornton


WARFARE, STATE AND SOCIETY IN THE BYZANTINE WORLD, 5651204
John Haldon


WAR IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD, 14501815 Edited by Jeremy Black


WARS OF IMPERIAL CONQUEST IN AFRICA, 18301914
Bruce Vandervort


WESTERN WARFARE IN THE AGE OF THE CRUSADES, 10001300
John France


WAR AND SOCIETY IN IMPERIAL ROME, 31 bcad 284 Brian Campbell


WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN THE BARBARIAN WEST
Guy Halsall


WAR IN THE MODERN WORLD SINCE 1815
Edited by Jeremy Black


WORLD WAR TWO: A MILITARY HISTORY
Jeremy Black


WARFARE IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST, TO c. 1600 bc
William J. Hamblin


First published 2005
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Simultaneously published in the UK
by Routledge
24 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledges collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

2005 Peter Lorge
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN10: 0-415-31690-1 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0-415-31691-X (pbk)
ISBN13: 9-78-0-415-31690-3 (hbk)
ISBN13: 9-78-0-415-31691-0 (pbk)


Introduction

For in war its experience of action that matters. The so-called Seven Military Classics are full of nonsense about water and fire, lucky omens and advice on the weather, all at random and contradicting each other. I told my officials once that if you followed these books, youd never win a battle... All one needs is an inflexible will and careful planning.

The Kangxi emperor (16541772), Emperor of China

There is no such thing as China. In the same sense, there is also no such thing as Europe. By this I mean that the terms China and Europe do not refer to specific, unchanging territories, or static, monolithic cultures. And while there are places and aspects of culture that are undeniably Chinese, in whatever sense we wish to understand this, there are also places, and aspects of culture, that have less clear pedigrees. This is not to say that the term is useless or meaningless, only that it is not neutral and needs to be defined. A given dynastys territorial and cultural claims were political statements and must be understood as such. The extent to which those claims corresponded to what a government actually controlled was a military question. In every dynasty since the Qin (221206 bce), China was an inherently imperial term, defined politically and enforced militarily.

The traditional Chinese state (after 221 bce) has not been commonly characterized as martial or even imperial in the sense that it encompassed diverse lands and peoples who did not share its culture. It has most usually been portrayed as a civil-oriented bureaucracy, staffed by scholar-officials who qualified for their positions by passing rigorous exams, dominated by Confucian beliefs, and held together at the most basic level by a common Han Chinese culture which spanned most of the Chinese ecumene. or in Europe, where, after the Romans, no one was able to build an empire of comparable territorial or cultural span for the lifetime of even a single conqueror. Rather than attempt to explain why South Asians and Europeans were so inept at South Asian and European empire building respectively, I will attempt to explain instead why the Chinese, Mongols and Manchus were so skilled at Chinese empire building.

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