Rosemary E. Galli - Political Economy of Rural Development
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The Political Economy of Rural Development : Peasants, International Capital, and the State : Case Studies in Colombia, Mexico, Tanzania, and Bangladesh
Case Studies in Colombia, Mexico, Tanzania, and Bangladesh
Rosemary E. Galli, Editor
State University of New York Press ALBANY
Page iv
Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
1981 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
For information, address State University of New York Press, State University Plaza, Albany, NY 12246
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title:
The political economy of rural development.
Bibliography: p. 245 Includes index. 1. Rural developmentAddresses, essays, lectures. 2. Agricultural innovationsAddresses, essays, lectures. I. Galli, Rosemary. HN980.P59307.7'2 81-1741 AACR2 ISBN 0-87395-484-X ISBN 0-87395-485-8 (pbk.)
Page v
CONTENTS
Preface
vii
Acknowledgments
xiii
Part One: Introduction
Chapter One Concepts for the Analysis of Contemporary Peasantries
Henry Bernstein
3
Part Two: Integrated Rural Development
Chapter Two Colombia: Rural Development as Social and Economic Control
Rosemary E. Galli
27
Chapter Three Integrated Rural Development in Papaloapan, Mexico
Hannes Lorenzen
91
Chapter Four Ujamaa: The Aggrandizement of the State
Bruno Musti De Gennaro
111
Part Three: Rural Development for the Rich
Chapter Five The World BankFIRA Scheme in Action in Tempoal, Veracruz
Ernest Feder
159
Page vi
Chapter Six Needless Hunger: Poverty and Power in Rural Bangladesh
Elizabeth Hartmann and James K. Boyce
175
Part Four: Conclusion
Chapter Seven Rural Development and the Contradictions of Capitalist Development
Rosemary E. Galli
213
Notes on the Contributors
227
Notes
229
Bibliography
245
Index
265
Page vii
PREFACE
The present volume addresses several gaps in the literature critical of agricultural modernization programs in the Third World. Recent works have focused on what might be called the first phase of the green revolution which promoted high-yielding varieties of grains together with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and irrigation as a means of increasing crop yields. Studies of the introduction of improved wheat and rice into India, Mexico, Pakistan, and the Philippines demonstrated how landowners and entrepreneurs with access to land, labor, and credit were able to take advantage of such technologies to the detriment of peasants, aggravating inequalities in rural structures and accelerating the capitalization of agriculture in the countries concerned.1
The studies of Colombia and Papaloapan, Mexico, in this volume examine the impact of the second phase of this scientific revolution: the introduction of new technological "packages" of high-yielding varieties of maize designed specifically for peasant use. The Papaloapan project was the pioneer World Bank program following Robert McNamara's famous pledge of Bank funds to alleviate rural poverty. The Colombia program was the first large-scale commitment of Bank and government funds for rural development in Latin America. Both studies show that these latest adaptations of green revolution technologies for peasants have also had disastrous consequences. In Papaloapan, the insistence on capital-intensive technologies has led to widespread indebtedness and default. In Colombia, only a radical departure from the high-yielding varieties and a return to peasant-developed maize and beans along with improvement of traditional techniques led to significant production increases.
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