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Civil War in Europe, 19051949

This is the first account in any language of the civil wars in Europe during the era of the world wars, from 1905 to 1949. It treats the initial confrontations in the decade before World War I, the confusing concept of European civil war, the impact of the world wars, the relation between revolution and civil war, and all the individual cases of civil war, with special attention to Russia and Spain. The civil wars of this era are compared to and contrasted with earlier internal conflicts, with particular attention to the factors that made this era a time of unusually violent domestic contests, as well as those that brought it to an end. The major political, ideological, and social influences are all treated, with a special focus on violence against civilians.

Stanley G. Payne has taught history in several universities, including Columbia University, UCLA, and the University of Wisconsin. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a corresponding member of Real Academia Espaola de la Historia, Madrid. He has received various awards and prizes, most recently the Marshal Shulman Book Award of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies (2005) and the Gran Cruz de Isabel la Catlica from the Spanish government (2009). He has been coeditor of the Journal of Contemporary History since 1999. Professor Payne is the author of some twenty books and many articles, as well as other edited, coedited, and coauthored books. Most recently, he is the author of The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, 19331936: Origins of the Civil War ; Franco and Hitler ; and Spain: A Unique History .

Civil War in Europe, 19051949

Stanley G. Payne

University of Wisconsin, Madison

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, So Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City

Cambridge University Press

32 Avenue of the Americas, New York , NY 10013-2473, USA

www.cambridge.org

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107648159

Stanley G. Payne 2011

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2011

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data

Payne, Stanley G.

Civil war in Europe, 19051949 / Stanley G. Payne.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-107-01090-1 (hardback)

1. Civil war Europe History 20th century. 2. Europe History, Military 20th

century. 3. Europe Politics and government 18711918. 4. Europe Politics and

government 19181945. 5. Europe Social conditions 20th century. 6. Violence

Europe History 20th century. 7. Revolutions Europe History 20th

century. 8. Civilians in war Europe History 20th century. 9. War and society Europe

History 20th century. 10. Social conflict Europe History 20th century. I. Title.

D424.5.P39 2011

303.6409409041 dc22 2011000377

ISBN 978-1-107-01090-1 Hardback

ISBN 978-1-107-64815-9 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Preface

The notion of a European civil war during the decades 191445 has become rather popular with certain historians during the past generation; the most recent book bearing this title appeared in Spain in 2010. The concept is applied primarily to the world wars, and secondarily to the conflict between Nazism and Communism. None of the works involved devotes much attention to the numerous civil wars and insurgencies that in fact took place during these years. This study therefore represents an initial attempt to treat them all, however briefly, within a single volume.

The entire manuscript has been read by David Gress, Juan Linz, and Michael Seidman, and Stathis Kalyvas has critiqued the section on Greece. Each of them has made valuable criticisms, suggestions, and corrections, for which I am grateful. This book ranges far across European history and politics, and, in the years to come, further research will undoubtedly correct deficiencies and fill gaps.

Madison , Wisconsin
November 2010

Chronology of Events

1905

First Russian Revolution

1906

Iranian Revolution

1907

Great Rumanian Peasant Revolt

1908

Young Turks seize power in Istanbul

1909

Greek military coup

1910

Mexican Revolution

Portuguese Republic1911

Chinese Revolution

191418

World War I

191516

Expulsion and genocide of Armenians in Turkey

March 1917

Collapse of tsarist regime

November 1917

Bolshevik coup detat

JanuaryApril 1918

Finnish civil war

191820

Main phase of Russian civil war

JanuaryFebruary 1919

Portuguese minicivil war

January 1919

Spartacist revolt in Berlin

February 1919

General strike in central Germany

MarchAugust 1919

Bla Kun regime in Hungary

April 1919

Rterepublik in Munich

June 1919

Slovak Soviet Republic

March 1920

Kapp Putsch followed by general strike in Germany

March 1921

Communist March Action in Germany

October 1922

Italian Fascist March on Rome

June 1923

Overthrow of Stamboliski in Bulgaria followed by Communist insurrection

September 1923

Primo de Rivera pronunciamiento in Spain

October 1923

Abortive Communist insurrection in Germany

November 1923

Hitlers Beer Hall Putsch in Munich

1924

Abortive Communist insurrection in Estonia

1926

Pilsudski coup detat in Poland; new authoritarian governments in Lithuania, Portugal, and (briefly) Greece

1928

Third Period of world revolution declared by Comintern

193033

Depression crisis in Germany

April 1931

Second Republic in Spain

1933

Authoritarian regime in Austria

February 1934

Socialist insurrection in Austria

October 1934

Revolutionary insurrection in Spain

August 1935

Comintern announces tactic of Popular Front

February 1936

Popular Front electoral victory in Spain

July 1936

Spanish civil war begins

September 1936

Franco made commander-in-chief by military junta

NovemberDecember 1936

Battle of Madrid

March 1937

Battle of Guadalajara

MarchOctober 1937

Franco conquers northern Republican zone

May 1937

May Days anarchist revolt in Barcelona

Juan Negrn prime minister of Republican governmentApril 1938

Offensive by Franco splits Republican zone in two

JulyNovember 1938

Battle of the Ebro

March 1939

Overthrow of Negrn

April 1, 1939

Spanish civil war ends

August 1939

Nazi-Soviet Pact

193945

World War II

193945

Ethnic conflict in Western Ukraine

194145

Yugoslav war of resistance and civil war

194344

First round of Greek civil war

194345

Civil war in northern Italy

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