Shepard - The others: how animals made us human

This is true even in those garden styles where the wall was removed or hidden, the wall signifying the outer edge of human control. There was, in the eighteenth century, the self-induced illusion that the unwalled English Gentlemens Park or landscape garden matched nature; but the nature of the English countryside was the result of six thousand years of agriculture and clearing.

Luke Taylor, Seeing the Inside: Kunwinjku Paintings and the Symbol of the Divided Body, in Howard Morphy, ed., Animals into Art (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989).

. Eleanor Rosch, Principles of Categorization, in Eleanor Rosch and Barbara Lloyd, Cognition and Categorization (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1978).

David Bleich, New Consideration of the Infantile Acquisition of Language and Symbolic Thought, Psychological Review, Spring 1976.

Bleich says: The cognitive component of the ability to recognize mother-conceptualizing heris, at the onset of representational thought and language, graded into existence by the need to cope with the affective loss. See Bleich, New Consideration.

Marvin W. Daehler and Danuta Bukatko, Cognitive Development (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985), p. 221.

Susan Carey, Conceptual Change in Childhood (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985), p. 43.

Ted Hughes, Poetry in the Schools, American Poetry Review, September/ October 1977.

Experts, of course, recognize gradations among the various species, often of an extremely subtle and technical nature. But the prototypical human perceiver is not a biogeographer looking at a range of skins collected from different places. Seldom does more than one subspecies or race occur in a region.

Virginia Woolf, quoted in Roberta Crawley and Steven P. R. Rose, eds., The Biological Bases of Behaviour (London: Harper & Row, 1971), p. 179.

Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney, An Octopus Headache? A Lamprey Boil? Multisensory Perception of Habitual Illness and World View of the Ainu, Journal of Anthropological Research 33 (1977):245.

Michelle Zimablist Rosaldo, Metaphors and Folk Classification, Southwest Journal of Anthropology 28 (1972):83.

Alexander Marschack, Upper Paleolithic Notation and Symbol, Science 178 (4063) (1972):817.

Claude Lvi-Strauss, Anthropology and Myth (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987).

Cecil H. Brown, Language and Living Things (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1984).

Brent Ballin, Ethnobiological Classification, in Eleanor Rosch and Barbara B. Lloyd, eds., Cognition and Categorization (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1978).

Merrill Moore, A Note on Conchology, American Imago 3 (1942):113.

The pack rat or trader rat is a wood rat of the genus Neotoma. It piles up huge nests, mostly sticks, but includes anything it can find, such as keys, wristwatches, and small kitchen utensils. The trade occurs when it puts down one object in order to pick up another.

Paul Shepard, The Garden as Objet Trouv, in Mark Francis and Randolph T. Hester, eds., The Meaning of Gardens (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990), pp. 148154.

Susan Sontag, On Photography (New York: Dell, 1973).

I desist here from this line of thought as it leads further from the subject of the chapter, but I should add that geometrized criteria in art find congenial equivalents in physics, mathematics, and classical music. The love affair between the humanities and modern physics is a symbiosis, the Western celebration of logic as a superior mode of experience.