Brian Tooheys book is a deeply troubling history of the Australian governments love affair with secrecy and state power. We present ourselves as one of the worlds great liberal democracies, yet Tooheys research shows that our security agencies have so many of the powers that our governments rightly condemn authoritarian dictatorships for. This book should serve as a wakeup call for anybody who cares about the fundamental principles of human rights, transparency and accountability in Australia.
Peter Greste
Brian Toohey brings half a century of reporting on national security issues to the task of framing our modern discussionpowerfully documenting the layers upon layers of apparently small, incremental policy changes that have led us to where we are today: an often fearful nation that has given away many of its citizens rights.
Laura Tingle
As the recent AFP raids on national newspapers demonstrate all too clearly, an obsessive over-reach by politicians and bureaucrats in their definitions of national security denies the Australian public its right to hold intelligence agencies accountable for lack of intelligence. Brian Tooheys rambunctious account of 70 years of cock up and cover up illustrates how unnecessary much secrecy is, how it conduces to foreign policy failures and feeds political paranoiaa problem today when our traditional allies are discombobulatedthe US by the unpredictability of Trump and whilst the UK is constipated by Brexit. Some secrets must be kept whilst others should be exposed: the recent avalanche of anti-terrorism legislation fails to make the distinction.
Geoffrey Robertson
Tooheys insights into this new age of surveillance are scary (but its a book that demands to be read).
Kerry OBrien
SECRET
THE MAKING
OF AUSTRALIAS
SECURITY STATE
BRIAN TOOHEY
MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY PRESS
An imprint of Melbourne University Publishing Limited
Level 1, 715 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
www.mup.com.au
First published 2019
Text Brian Toohey, 2019
Design and typography Melbourne University Publishing Limited, 2019
This book is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 and subsequent amendments, no part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means or process whatsoever without the prior written permission of the publishers.
Every attempt has been made to locate the copyright holders for material quoted in this book. Any person or organisation that may have been overlooked or misattributed may contact the publisher.
Typeset in 11/13.5 pt Bembo by Cannon Typesetting
Cover design by Phil Campbell Design
Printed in Australia by McPhersons Printing Group
9780522872804 (paperback)
9780522872828 (ebook)
To Sue
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
ABM | Treaty Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty |
ADF | Australian Defence Force |
AFP | Australian Federal Police |
AFR | Australian Financial Review |
AIRAC | Australian Ionising Radiation Advisory Council |
AJA | Australian Journalists Association |
ALIS | autonomic logistics information system |
ANU | Australian National University |
ARL | Australian Radiation Laboratory |
ASD | Australian Signals Directorate |
ASIO | Australian Security Intelligence Organisation |
ASIS | Australian Secret Intelligence Service |
ATO | Australian Taxation Office |
AUSMIN | AustraliaUS Ministerial Consultations |
AUSTRAC | Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre |
AWM | Australian War Memorial |
AWRE | Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (UK) |
BWC | Biological Weapons Convention |
CBW | chemical and biological warfare |
CGS | chief of the general staff |
CNE | computer network exploitation |
DFAT | Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |
DGSE | General Directorate for External Security (France) |
DIO | Defence Intelligence Organisation |
DPP | Director of Public Prosecutions |
DSB | Defence Signals Bureau |
DSD | Defence Signals Directorate/Division (name changed to Directorate in 1978) |
DSL | Defence Standards Laboratories |
DSP | Defense Support Program (USA) |
EEZ | exclusive economic zone |
FITS | Bill Foreign Influence Transparency Scheme Bill |
FOI | freedom of information |
FPDA | Five Power Defence Arrangement |
GCHQ | Government Communications Headquarters (UK) |
GCSB | Government Communications Security Bureau (NZ) |
HF | high frequency |
IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency |
ICAN | International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons |
ICBM | intercontinental ballistic missile |
IMF | International Monetary Fund |
IS | Islamic State |
ISDS | investor-state dispute settlement |
ISI | Inter-Services Intelligence (Pakistan) |
JIC | Joint Intelligence Committee |
JIO | Joint Intelligence Organisation |
MEAA | Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance |
MIRV | multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicle |
NAA | National Archives of Australia |
NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
NBN | National Broadband Network |
NCC | National Civic Council |
NIC | National Intelligence Committee |
NID | National Intelligence Daily |
NPT | Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty |
NSA | National Security Agency (US) |
NT | National Times |
NWC | North West Cape |
NYT | New York Times |
ONA | Office of National Assessments |
OPCW | Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons |
OPEC | Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries |
PAT | Political Action Team (CIA) |
RCIS | Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security |
SALT | Strategic Arms Limitation Talks |
SANAAC | State, Army, Navy, Air Force Coordinating Committee (US) |
SAS | Special Air Service |
SDI | Strategic Defense Initiative (US) |
SEATO | Southeast Asia Treaty Organization |
SIGINT | signals intelligence |
SIO | Special Intelligence Operation |
SIOP | Single Integrated Operational Plan (US) |
SIS | Secret Intelligence Service (UK) |
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