Dean Kyne - Nuclear Power Plant Emergencies in the USA: Managing Risks, Demographics and Response
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Nuclear Power Plant Emergencies in the USA: Managing Risks, Demographics and Response: summary, description and annotation
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Managing nuclear power emergencies is significantly different from managing other types of emergencies, including fire, flood, and other disasters because nuclear disaster management requires special technical skills and a rigid protocol which outlines detailed steps and procedure before an evacuation announcement could be made. It was evident that the impacts from a nuclear power core-meltdown accident were immerse, irreversible, and inevitable, as evident by evaluating the three historic core-meltdown accidents, namely Three Mile Island in 1997, Chernobyl in 1986, and Fukushima Daiichi in 2011. The three options for minimizing the risks associated with NPPs are suggesting elimination of all NPPs in operation in the United States, transforming inevitable risks to evitable risks, and transforming the current radiological plan into an effective emergency management plan. Being the latter option is the only viable one, this book provides a comprehensive understanding on effectively managing nuclear power emergencies in the U.S.
The book presents detailed analysis on effectively managing nuclear power emergencies. In an attempt to illustrate minimizing the risks, factual answers to the key questions surrounding managing nuclear disasters are outlined. What are the risks associated with the nuclear power plants (NPP)? What are the problems associated with managing nuclear power core-meltdown accidents in the three historic accidents? Where are the geographical locations of the 99 commercial reactors in the U.S? Who are those exposed to potential risks associated with the NPPs? How could a projection of radioactive plume dispersion pathway be carried out using a spatial computer code, such as the Radiological Assessment Systems for Consequence Analysis (RASCAL) in case of a core-meltdown accident? Where would the radioactive plume go given weather conditions? Who are more likely to be exposed to the high level radiation dose during the core-meltdown accident? What are the issues with the current radiological emergency plan?
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1940s | |
1942 | The first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction occurs at the University of Chicago |
1945 | The U.S. Armys Manhattan Engineer District (MED) tests the first atomic bomb at Alamogordo, New Mexico, under the code name Manhattan Project |
1945 | The atomic bomb, nicknamed Little Boy is dropped on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6. 3 days later, another bomb, Fat Man, is dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. Japan surrenders on August 15 of 1945, ending World War II |
1946 | The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 creates the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to control nuclear energy development and explore peaceful uses of nuclear energy |
1947 | The AEC first investigates the possibility of peaceful uses of atomic energy, issuing a report the following year |
1949 | The AEC announces the selection of a site in Idaho for the National Reactor Testing Station |
1950s | |
1951 | In Arco, Idaho, Experimental Breeder Reactor I produces electric power from nuclear energy for the first time, lighting four light bulbs |
1952 | Keel for the Navys first nuclear submarine, Nautilus, is laid at Groton, Connecticut |
1953 | Nautilus starts its nuclear power units for the first time |
1953 | President Eisenhower delivers his Atoms for Peace speech before the United Nations. He calls for greater international cooperation in the development of atomic energy for peaceful purposes |
1954 | President Eisenhower signs The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, the first major amendment of the original Atomic Energy Act, giving the civilian nuclear power program further access to nuclear technology |
1955 | The AEC announces the Power Demonstration Reactor Program. Under the program, AEC and industry will cooperate in constructing and operating experimental nuclear power reactors |
1955 | Arco, Idaho, population 1,000, becomes the first town powered by a nuclear reactor, the experimental boiling water reactor BORAX III |
1955 | Geneva, Switzerland, hosts the first United Nations International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy |
1957 | The first power from a civilian nuclear unit is generated by the Sodium Reactor Experiment at Santa Susana, California. The unit provided power until 1966 |
1957 | The Price-Anderson Act provides financial protection to the public and AEC licensees and contractors if a major accident occurs at a nuclear reactor |
1957 | The United Nations creates the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, Austria, to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and prevent the spread of nuclear weapons around the world |
1958 | The worlds first large-scale nuclear reactor begins operation in Shippingport, Pennsylvania. The plant reaches full power three weeks later and supplies electricity to the Pittsburgh area |
1958 | Construction begins on the worlds first nuclear-powered merchant ship, the N.S. Savannah, in Camden, New Jersey. The ship is launched on July 21, 1959 |
1959 | Dresden-1 Nuclear Power Station in Illinois, the first U.S. nuclear plant built entirely without government funding, achieves a self-sustaining nuclear reaction |
1960s | |
1960 | The third U.S. nuclear reactor, Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station, achieves a self-sustaining nuclear reactor |
1960 | Small nuclear-power generators are first used in remote areas to power weather stations and to light buoys for sea navigation |
1961 | The U.S. Navy commissions the worlds largest ship, the U.S.S. Enterprise. It is a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier with the ability to operate at speeds up to 30 knots for distances up to 400,000 miles (740,800 km) without refueling |
1964 | President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Private Ownership of Special Nuclear Materials Act, which allows the nuclear power industry to own the fuel for its units. After June 30, 1973, private ownership of uranium fuel is mandatory |
1963 | Jersey Central Power & Light Company announces its commitment for the Oyster Creek nuclear reactor, the first nuclear plant ordered as an economic alternative to fossil-fuels |
1964 | Three nuclear-powered surface ships, the Enterprise, Long Beach, and Bainbridge, complete Operation Sea Orbit, a cruise around the world |
1965 | The first nuclear reactor in space (SNAP-10A) is launched by the United States. SNAP stands for Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power |
1970s | |
1970 | The United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and 45 other nations ratify the Treaty for Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons |
1971 | Twenty-two commercial nuclear reactors are in full operation in the United States. They produce 2.4% of U.S. electricity at this time |
1973 | U.S. utilities order 41nuclear reactors, a 1-year record |
1974 | The first 1,000-MW-electric nuclear reactor goes into serviceCommonwealth Edisons Zion 1 Plant |
1974 | The Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 divides AEC functions between two new agenciesthe Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), to carry out research and development, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), to regulate nuclear power |
1977 | President Jimmy Carter announces the United States will defer indefinitely plans for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel |
1977 | President Carter signs the Department of Energy Organization Act, which transfers ERDA functions to the new Department of Energy (DOE) |
1977 | DOE begins operations |
1979 | The worst accident in U.S. commercial reactor history occurs at the Three Mile Island nuclear power station near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The accident is caused by a loss of coolant from the reactor core due to a combination of mechanical malfunction and human error. No one is injured, and no overexposure to radiation results from the accident. Later in the year, the NRC imposes stricter reactor safety regulations and more rigid inspection procedures to improve the safety of reactor operations |
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