Jason Russell - Canada, a Working History

JASON RUSSELL

Copyright Jason Russell, 2021

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise (except for brief passages for purpose of review) without the prior permission of Dundurn Press. Permission to photocopy should be requested from Access Copyright.

Publisher and acquiring editor: Scott Fraser | Editor: Michael Carroll

Cover designer: Laura Boyle

Cover image: Punch clock: shutterstock.com/Somphop Krittayaworagul | timecard: shutterstock.com/Martin Janecek

Printer: Marquis Book Printing Inc.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Title: Canada, a working history / Jason Russell.

Names: Russell, Jason, 1968- author.

Description: Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20200391534 | Canadiana (ebook) 20200391631 | ISBN 9781459746022 (softcover) | ISBN 9781459746039 (PDF) | ISBN 9781459746046 (EPUB)

Subjects: LCSH: WorkSocial aspectsCanadaHistory. | LCSH: LaborCanadaHistory.

Classification: LCC HD6957.C3 R87 2021 | DDC 306.3/60971dc23

We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council for our publishing program. We also acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Ontario, through the Ontario Book Publishing Tax Credit and Ontario Creates, and the Government of Canada.

Care has been taken to trace the ownership of copyright material used in this book. The author and the publisher welcome any information enabling them to rectify any references or credits in subsequent editions.

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For my son, Thomas Liepins Russell

T his book is about how work in Canada changed from the period of European colonization to 2020. It is intended to provide a broad overview of major developments and trends in Canada and show how work was shaped by wider influences in Canadian society. Work is a central human activity that has innate value whether or not it involves receiving compensation. The historical development of work in Canada parallels the nations progress. Workers in their many times, places, and occupations made Canada, and their work is ongoing.

The narrative is divided into six parts, which cover time periods of varying scope. Part I describes European colonization to the years before Confederation in 1867. Canada was initially a collection of disparate colonies and long-established Indigenous nations that was formed into a country, with the different political actors involved showing varied levels of enthusiasm for the new nation. Canadas ties with Britain remained strong during the long period from colonization to Confederation, and the nation was gradually formed within the context of an occasionally fraught relationship with the United States.

Part II details a shorter period from Confederation to the 1930s. Canada experienced profound change between 1867 and 1939. Canadian workers most importantly left their civilian jobs in droves in 1914 to enlist in the army to fight in Europe. Many of them did not return to resume their civilian lives. Canadians built a railway from coast to coast, welcomed scores of immigrants, built new cities and factories, and experienced industrialization. They also formed workers organizations, created new business structures, and combined themselves into professions.

Part III covers the critical period from 1945 to 1969. Canada was much different at the end of the Second World War than when the conflict started. The Great Depression drove unemployment to record heights in the 1930s, and the war eliminated it in short order. Canada became a major contributor to the war effort. Women streamed into industrial jobs in large numbers for the first time. Unions were inspired by the struggles waged by their American comrades, and they gained the right to engage in legal collective bargaining.

The 1950s and 1960s were prosperous decades for many but not all Canadians. Wages often met or exceeded the cost of living. Working-class people were able to own their homes rather than rent. A vibrant consumer culture shaped peoples identities and also furnished a wide array of new goods and services. This was part of the era of the Cold War ideological struggle, and work and employment were touched by it. Women demanded social change in the 1960s, and the structure of families was transformed. Important social programs were introduced that immeasurably improved the lives of working people.

Part IV examines work in Canada in the 1970s and 1980s. The 1970s were a sort of socio-economic interregnum between the 1960s and 1980s, but they still brought substantial change to work and labour. Women became an ever-larger percentage of unionized workers, especially in the public sector. A crucial legislative change in the late 1960s gave federal public sector workers the right to formally unionize and engage in collective bargaining, and that right spread across the provinces, as well.

The 1970s were an important economic turning point for workers of all types. Wage increases gradually stopped providing expanded standards of living. The postwar baby-boom generation graduated from high school and post-secondary education and entered the paid workforce. Media culture continued to include representations of working life.

Part V encompasses the 1990s and 2000s. The pace of change in working life markedly accelerated during those decades. There were major labour struggles, and governments made deliberate policy decisions that did things like deregulate areas of the economy that harmed workers. Canada experienced early globalization, and its economy became even more oriented toward services and away from manufacturing. The Cold War ended during this period, but its demise did not bring significant benefits to working Canadians.

Part VI discusses the period from the turn of the millennium to 2020 and beyond. Canadians approached the end of the 20th century with mixed feelings of anticipation and trepidation. The new century brought enormous opportunity for workers who were well educated and possessed marketable skills but also came with uncertainty and upheaval for other workers. It almost came to seem as if Canada were going back to the preSecond World War period, with the growing prevalence of non-standard work arrangements.

Work continued to bifurcate along gender, racial, and ethnic lines into the new century. Women did not earn as much as men for doing equal work, and immigrants and people of colour were often relegated to low-wage jobs. Technology permeated virtually every workplace, but it was used for control and surveillance as much as to enhance profitability.