Emmanuel Didier - America by the Numbers: Quantification, Democracy, and the Birth of National Statistics
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When the Great Depression struck, the US government lacked tools to assess the situation; there was no reliable way to gauge the unemployment rate, the number of unemployed, or how many families had abandoned their farms to become migrants. In America by the Numbers, Emmanuel Didier examines the development in the 1930s of one such tool: representative sampling. Didier describes and analyzes the work of New Deal agricultural economists and statisticians who traveled from farm to farm, in search of information that would be useful for planning by farmers and government agencies. Didier shows that their methods were not just simple enumeration; these new techniques of quantification shaped the New Deal and American democracy even as the New Deal shaped the evolution of statistical surveys.
Didier explains how statisticians had to become detectives and anthropologists, searching for elements that would help them portray America as a whole. Representative surveys were one of the most effective instruments for their task. He examines pre-Depression survey techniques; the invention of the random sampling method and the development of the Master Sample; and the application of random sampling by employment experts to develop the Trial Census of Unemployment.
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AMERICA BY THE NUMBERS
QUANTIFICATION, DEMOCRACY, AND THE BIRTH OF NATIONAL STATISTICS
EMMANUEL DIDIER
FOREWORD BY THEODORE M. PORTER
TRANSLATED BY PRIYA VARI SEN
THE MIT PRESS
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
LONDON, ENGLAND
2020 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Translated from the original French, En Quoi consiste lAmrique ? Les statistiques, le New Deal et la dmocratie, Editions La Decouverte, Paris, France, 2009
Revised and updated for the English language edition
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Didier, Emmanuel, author. | Porter, Theodore M., 1953- author of foreword. | Sen, Priya Vari, translator.
Title: America by the numbers : quantification, democracy, and the birth of national statistics / Emmanuel Didier, translated by Priya Vari Sen ; foreword by Theodore M. Porter.
Other titles: Quantification, democracy, and the birth of national statistics
Description: Cambridge, Massachusetts : The MIT Press, 2020. | Series: Infrastructures series | Translated from the original French, En Quoi Consiste LAmerique?: Les Statistiques, le New Deal et la Dmocratie, Editions La Decouverte, Paris, France, 2009. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019022829 | ISBN 9780262538374 (paperback)
Subjects: LCSH: New Deal, 1933-1939. | United States--Economic conditions--19181945. | Depressions--1929--United States. | Agricultural surveys--United States--History--19191933. | United States. Bureau of Agricultural Economics--Officials and employees. | United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics--Officials and employees. | United States. Bureau of the Census-- Officials and employees. | Statisticians--United States--Biography.
Classification: LCC E806.D5725 2020 | DDC 973.917--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019022829
d_r0
Verne H. Church. One of the first agricultural state Statisticians, he was the son of a farmer and had been a journalist and a meteorologist before. (Wager family)
A farmer filling out a schedule. In this picture, the Division wanted to portray the seriousness (the farmer wears glasses) and the cleanliness (the white cloth) required for the job. (U.S. Department of Agriculture-National Agricultural Statistical Service [hereafter USDA-NASS] Archives of Richard Allen)
Map of the crop reporting districts of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is a transformation of the U.S. Post Office Departments map of the rural mail carrier routes. (USDA 1933)
The Peg strip in use. This photo was taken in 1960, and the hooks direction has been reversed, probably to facilitate its use with sheets of a more standard format. But we can see that the adding operation has become slightly more complicated for the Statistician as the numbers are no longer in the form of columns. (USDA-NASS, Archives of Richard Allen)
An example of smoothing carried out on the maps of the different states. In this instance it shows the growth condition of wheat in Kansas in April 1921. The Statistician has highlighted the central depression by circling it. (National Archives, Record Group 83, Bureau of Agricultural Economics [hereafter RG 83])
Example of a summary sheet. (National Archives, RG 83)
Example of a coded sheet. (National Archives, RG 83)
Photomontage realized by the Division to showcase itself to the public. The shots in descending order show the Board at work (observe the drawn curtains behind the person standing); during this time, telephone lines are disconnected; Secretary of Agriculture H. C. Wallace examining the report and signing it; the staff photocopying it; the director of the Board leaves with the reports at 3 p.m. under the watchful eyes of the guard; later, journalists rush to the telephone cabins, now reconnected, to transmit the figures to their editorial office. (American Farm Bureau Federation, The Nations Agriculture, October 1937, 67)
A detail of the Boards worksheet; the actual size is 60 centimeters in height and 30 centimeters wide. On the left is the list of all the states, finally reassembled; on top, the name of the variable; and below it, the line for the name of the member who wrote the estimates in the columns (names written diagonally by hand in the box: Becker, Jones, etc.). The discussion was then opened and lasted until the estimate of the whole board was noted in the last column. (National Archives, RG 83)
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