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Jonathan Laurence - Coping with Defeat: Sunni Islam, Roman Catholicism, and the Modern State

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The surprising similarities in the rise and fall of the Sunni Islamic and Roman Catholic empires in the face of the modern state
Coping with Defeat presents a historical panorama of the Islamic and Catholic political-religious empires and exposes striking parallels in their relationship with the modern state. Drawing on interviews, site visits, and archival research in Turkey, North Africa, and Western Europe, Jonathan Laurence demonstrates how, over hundreds of years, both Sunni and Catholic authorities experienced three major shocks and displacementsreligious reformation, the rise of the nation-state, and mass migration. As a result, Catholic institutions eventually accepted the states political jurisdiction and embraced transnational spiritual leadership as their central mission. Laurence reveals an analogous process unfolding across the Sunni Muslim world in the twenty-first century.
Identifying institutional patterns before and after political collapse, Laurence shows how centralized religious communities relinquish power at different rates and times. Whereas early Christianity and Islam were characterized by missionary expansion, religious institutions forged in the modern era are primarily defensive in nature. They respond to the simple but overlooked imperative to adapt to political defeat while fighting off ideological challenges to their spiritual authority. Among Laurences findings is that the disestablishment of Islamthe doing away with Islamic affairs ministries in the Muslim worldwould harm, not help with, reconciliation to the rule of law.
Examining upheavals in geography, politics, and demography, Coping with Defeat considers how centralized religions make peace with the loss of prestige.

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COPING WITH DEFEAT Coping with Defeat SUNNI ISLAM ROMAN CATHOLICISM AND THE - photo 1

COPING WITH DEFEAT

Coping with Defeat

SUNNI ISLAM, ROMAN CATHOLICISM, AND THE MODERN STATE

JONATHAN LAURENCE

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS

PRINCETON & OXFORD

Copyright 2021 by Jonathan Laurence

Princeton University Press is committed to the protection of copyright and the intellectual property our authors entrust to us. Copyright promotes the progress and integrity of knowledge. Thank you for supporting free speech and the global exchange of ideas by purchasing an authorized edition of this book. If you wish to reproduce or distribute any part of it in any form, please obtain permission.

Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to

Published by Princeton University Press

41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540

6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR

press.princeton.edu

All Rights Reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Laurence, Jonathan, author.

Title: Coping with defeat : Sunni Islam, Roman Catholicism, and the modern state / Jonathan Laurence.

Description: Princeton : Princeton University Press, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020040053 (print) | LCCN 2020040054 (ebook) | ISBN 9780691172125 | ISBN 9780691220543 (hardback) | ISBN 9780691219783 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Religion and state. | Islam and state. | Church and state.

Classification: LCC BL65.S8 L38 2021 (print) | LCC BL65.S8 (ebook) | DDC 261.7dc23

LC record available at https: / /lccn.loc.gov/2020040053

LC ebook record available at https: / /lccn.loc.gov/2020040054

Version 1.0

British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available

Editorial: Fred Appel, Jenny Tan, and James Collier

Production Editorial: Mark Bellis

Jacket Design: Layla Mac Rory

Production: Brigid Ackerman

Publicity: Kate Hensley and Kathryn Stevens

Copyeditor: Cynthia Buck

Jacket Credit: Abandoned locomotive once belonging to T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) and Prince Emir Faisal, manufactured by the North British Locomotive Company, Glasgow. Image courtesy of Paul Stallan.

For Patricia and Stuart

Ctait le moment le plus heureux de ma vie, je ne le savais pas. Aurais-je pu prserver ce bonheur, les choses auraient-elles volu autrement si je lavais su?

ORHAN PAMUK, MUSE DE LINNOCENCE (TRANSLATED BY VALRIE GAY-AKSOY, GALLIMARD, 2011)

CONTENTS
  1. xi
  2. xix
  3. xxi
  4. xxiii
ILLUSTRATIONS
TABLES
ABBREVIATIONS

AKP

Justice and Development Party (Turkey)

AQMI

Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb

CCME

Consultative Council for Moroccans Residing Abroad

CCMTF

Coordinating Committee of Muslim Turks in France

CFCM

Council of the Muslim Faith (France)

CHP

Republican Peoples Party (Turkey)

COEM

Council of Moroccan Ulema in Europe

DIB

Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet)

DTB

Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs

EUTD

European Turkish Democrats

FEERI

Spanish Federation of Islamic Religious Entities

FIS

Islamic Salvation Front (Algeria)

FLN

Front for National Liberation (Algeria)

FNMF

National Federation of French Muslims

GCC

Gulf Cooperation Council

GDP

Gross domestic product

GIA

Armed Islamic Group of Algeria

GICM

Moroccan Islamic Combat Group

GMP

Grande Mosque de Paris

GSPC

Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat

HCI

Supreme Islamic Council (Algeria)

HDP

Peoples Democratic Party (Turkey)

IHL

mam Hatip Lise (school)

IRI

International Republican Institute (United States)

IGG

Independent Islamic Community of Austria

ISIS

Islamic State of Iraq and al Sham (the Levant)

MARE

Ministry of Religious Affairs (Algeria)

MHP

Nationalist Movement Party (Turkey)

MRA

Ministry of Religious Affairs (Tunisia)

MRE

Moroccans residing abroad

MSP

National Salvation Party (Turkey)

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NGO

non-governmental organization

OIC

Organization of Islamic Cooperation

PJD

Justice and Development Party (Morocco)

PKK

Kurdistan Workers Party

RMF

Rally of Muslims of France

TESEV

Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation

TIKA

Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency

UGTT

Tunisian General Labor Union

YEE

Yunus Emre Institute (Turkey)

ZMD

Central Council of Muslims in Germany

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

THIS BOOK was made possible by research support and writing residencies from the Norway Research Council and the Fafo Research Foundation, the American Academy in Berlin, the Jenesis Foundation and the Brookings Institution, LUISS Guido Carli University in Rome, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin, and the Centre dtudes et de recherches internationales at Sciences Po-Paris. Boston College sustained this project with a sabbatical year and provided funding for fieldwork and research assistance from the Office of the Dean of the Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, the Office of the Provost, and the Clough Center on Constitutional Democracy. The Burns, Bapst, and ONeill Libraries of the university provided crucial documentary assistance.

I am grateful to readers of early drafts for their thoughtful responses, especially Sid Tarrow, Ines Michalowski, Noah Dauber, Will Phelan, Wayne te Brake, Rahsaan Maxwell, and Nora Fisher Onar. I was extremely fortunate to receive critical feedback on the manuscript from two anonymous readers. A number of scholars helped refine my ideas, including Ruud Koopmans, Ahmet Kuru, Justin Vasse, Karen Barkey, Mark Lilla, Osman Balkan, Jytte Klaussen, Jean-Marc Dreyfus, Lisa Anderson, Sheri Berman, Jose Casanova, Mohammed Hashas, Jesse Ausubel, and H. A. Hellyer. The team at FafoLillevik Ragna, Sindre Bangstad, Olav Elgvin, Marcel Maussen, Oddbjrn Leirvik and Jon Rogstadwere ideal colleagues to have at a formative moment in the books trajectory.

I was fortunate to try out the books material in recent years at seminars, debates, and conferences with audiences hosted by the American Academy in Berlin; Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin; Mercator Stiftung; German Marshall Fund; the US embassies in Algiers, Brussels, and Rome; the Assemble nationale in Paris; the Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs in Rabat; the Directorate for Turks Abroad in Ankara; the cole nationale suprieure des sciences politiques in Algiers; the King Abdelaziz Foundation in Casablanca; Beit el Hikma in Carthage; the US Senates Aspen Congressional Program; the Ditchley Foundation; Harvards Center for European Studies; the North American Association of Islamic and Muslim Studies; Princeton University; the College of William and Mary; the annual meetings of the Council for European Studies; Oakland University; Forum Saint Laurent; the University of North Carolina; Bilgi University, Sabanci University, and Fatih University in Istanbul; LUISS Guido Carli University in Rome; the cole normale suprieur and the Institut franais des relations internationales in Paris; the Universit libre de Bruxelles; the Catholic University of Leuven; the Junge Islam Konferenz in Berlin; and the European Council of Moroccan Ulema. I am grateful to my hosts and fellow participants at all of these events.

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