Ronald Angelo Johnson - Diplomacy in Black and White: John Adams, Toussaint Louverture, and Their Atlantic World Alliance

DIPLOMACY IN BLACK AND WHITE

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Rochester Institute of Technology

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University of Massachusetts, Amherst

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State University of New York, Buffalo

John Stauffer
Harvard University

John Adams, Toussaint Louverture,
and Their Atlantic World Alliance

Ronald Angelo Johnson

were published as A Revolutionary Dinner: U.S. Diplomacy toward Saint Domingue, 17981801, in Early American Studies 9 (2011): 11441. Copyright 2011 University of Pennsylvania Press. All rights reserved.

2014 by the University of Georgia Press

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Johnson, Ronald Angelo, 1970

Diplomacy in black and white : John Adams, Toussaint

Louverture, and their Atlantic world alliance / Ronald

Angelo Johnson.

pages cm. (Race in the atlantic world, 17001900)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-8203-4212-2 (hardback) ISBN 0-8203-4212-2

(hardcover)

1. United StatesForeign relationsHaiti.

2. HaitiForeign relationsUnited States.

3. Adams, John, 17351826.

4. Toussaint Louverture, 17431803.

5. HaitiHistoryRevolution, 17911804Influence.

6. BlacksRace identityAtlantic Ocean Region.

7. Atlantic Ocean RegionRace relationsHistory

19th century. I. Title.

E183.8.H2J65 2014

327.730729409034dc23 2013016652

British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data available

ISBN for digital edition: 978-0-8203-4632-8

For Colette

This book began at the Johns Hopkins Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies with generous financial support from the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation. Subsequent research and writing was supported by the Library Company of Philadelphia; the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; the Boston University School of Theology; the American Baptist Churches, U.S.A.; the Purdue University Research Foundation; the Purdue University Graduate School; the Purdue University College of Liberal Arts; and the Purdue University Department of History. Grants from the Research Enhancement Program and the Albert B. Alkek Library of Texas State University also funded my research.

I base the arguments of this book on sources discovered with the help of extraordinary repositories and of the dedicated people who maintain and enhance them. I especially thank James N. Green and Cornelia S. King at the Library Company of Philadelphia; Sarah Heim and Hillary Kativa at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Andre Elizee at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library; the Manuscript Reading Room team at the Library of Congress; Anna J. Cook and Mary T. Claffey at the Massachusetts Historical Society; Maribeth Bielinski and Patricia Schaefer at the G. W. Blunt White Library of the Mystic Seaport Museum; Laurie N. Taylor at the Digital Library of the Caribbean; Connie Richards at the Purdue University Humanities, Social Science, and Education Library; Arthur Sudler and Mary Sewell-Smith at the St. Thomas African Episcopal Church Historical Society; Linda Martin-Schaff at the Perelman Library of the Philadelphia Museum of Art; Tammy Kiter at the New-York Historical Society; Faith Charlton at the Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center; the National Archives at College Park, Maryland; Anna Coxe Toogood, Christian Higgins, and Andrea Ashby at Independence National Historical Park; and Margaret Vaverek, Jerry Weathers, and Michelle Williams at the Albert B. Alkek Library of Texas State University. Good friends Anthony and Jenna Barry, Edward Bestic, Jonathan Blumberg, Christopher LaRossa, and Jennifer Taylor provided lodging and great company during my research trips.

I received collegial encouragement from individuals, scholars, and associations including the Association of Caribbean Historians, Badger Grove Baptist Church, Jenna Bookin Barry, Gail Beck, Richard J. M. Blackett, Dorothe Bouquet, Christopher Boyd Brown, Gordon Brown, Sandro Chignola, Rachel Hope Cleves, the Reverend Jim Conley, John Davies, Jacques de Cauna, Barbara Diefendorf, Clotea G. Dyer, William M. Fowler Jr., Franois Furstenberg, John D. Garrigus, David Barry Gaspar, Edith B. Gelles, Philippe R. Girard, Kevin Gooding, Annette Gordon-Reed, Lisa K. Hanasono, Niklas Thode Jensen, Gene E. Johnson, Daniel C. Littlefield, Daniel Livesay, Loretta Valtz Mannucci, Michelle Craig McDonald, Bernard Moitt, Philip D. Morgan, Alyssa Mt. Pleasant, Mount Olive Baptist Church, New England Historical Association, Martin S. Pernick, Jos G. Rigau, Edward Bartlett Rugemer, John Matthew Smith, Society for Historians of the Early American Republic, Karen Sonnelitter, Vertus Saint-Louis, Harry K. Thomas Jr., Anna Coxe Toogood, Ashli White, Michelle M. Wright, and Rosemarie Zagarri.

Piero Gleijeses of the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies introduced me to Dominguan-American diplomacy and graciously opened his home and personal library to me. His analytical and stylistic suggestions have helped to shape this book.

From our first meeting, Frank Lambert saw the potential of my topic and embraced both my research and me. He has been not only my toughest critic but also my strongest advocate, pushing me to expand my thinking and to accept analytical complexities. Under his direction, my thinking about early American diplomacy and race relations has developed in enriched and unexpected ways.

The faculty members at the Purdue University Department of History, especially John L. Larson, James Farr, and John Contreni, supported me and my interests with superb instruction, genuine enthusiasm, and goodwill.

Andrea Laux read every word of the manuscript, providing extremely thorough editorial suggestions. Moreover, she helped me with pep talks, strategy sessions, and, when necessary, grammar lessons.