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Adam Moore - Empires Labor: The Global Army That Supports U.S. Wars

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Book:
Empires Labor: The Global Army That Supports U.S. Wars
Author:
Adam Moore
Publisher:
Cornell University Press
Genre:
Books / Politics
Year:
2019
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EMPIRES LABOR

The Global Army
That Supports U.S. Wars

Adam Moore

CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON

Empire is in the detailsCatherine Lutz

Contents

Illustrations

Figures

Tables

Abbreviations

AAFES	Army and Air Force Exchange Service
AES	Anglo-European Services
AFRICOM	U.S. Africa Command
AMC	Army Materiel Command
AOR	area of responsibility
CAC	Common Access Card
CENTCOM	U.S. Central Command
CIA	Central Intelligence Agency
CSL	Cooperative Security Location
CWC	Commission on Wartime Contracting for Iraq and Afghanistan
DCMA	Defense Contract Management Agency
DFAC	dining facility
DLA	Defense Logistics Agency
DoD	Department of Defense
DoS	Department of State
FOB	forward operating base
FOIA	Freedom of Information Act
FOL	forward operating location
GAO	Government Accountability Office
GCC	Gulf Catering Company
GDP	gross domestic product
GLOC	ground line of communication
HCN	Host Country National (alternative nomenclature for LN)
HNS	Host Nation Support
ICAO	International Civil Aviation Organization
ISR	intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance
JCC-I/A	Joint Contracting Command-Iraq/Afghanistan
KAF	Kandahar Airfield
KBR	Kellogg, Brown & Root
LN	Local National
LOA	letter of authorization
LOGCAP	Logistics Civil Augmentation Program
MEJA	Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act
MOU	memorandum of understanding
MSR	main supply route
MWR	Morale, Welfare, and Recreation
NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NDN	Northern Distribution Network
OCN	Other Country National (alternative nomenclature for TCN)
OFW	Overseas Filipino Worker
OUA	Operation United Assistance
PAE	Pacific Architects and Engineers
PMC	Private Military Company
POEA	Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
PPI	Prime Projects International
PWC	Public Warehousing Corporation
PX	Post Exchange
QA/QC	quality assurance/quality control
R & R	rest and recreation
RFFS	Rescue and Fire Fighting Service
RMA	revolution in military affairs
RMK-BRJ	Raymond International, Morrison-Knudsen, Brown & Root, and J.A. Jones Construction
SCCC	Saudi Catering & Contracting Company
SOCAFRICA	U.S. Special Operations Command Africa
SOF	Special Operations Forces
SOFA	Status of Forces Agreement
TCN	Third Country National
TRANSCOM	U.S. Transportation Command
UAE	United Arab Emirates
UN	United Nations
USAID	United States Agency for International Development

MILITARY CONTRACTING, FOREIGN WORKERS, AND WAR

Telling the story of the United States in the world from the perspective of labor remaps our interpretation of empire building by demonstrating its deep connection to the migratory routes and protean life strategies of the global working class.

Julie Greene

This book is about the U.S. militarys overseas operations, both recognized wars and clandestine campaigns. Or rather, it is about the labor required to sustain such operations, and the experiences of people from around the world that do it. For the present-day U.S. military empire is profoundly dependent upon a global army of labor that comes from countries as diverse as Bosnia, the Philippines, Turkey, India, Kenya, the United Kingdom, Sierra Leone, and Fiji.

Such a state of affairs represents a profound shift in how the U.S. fights its wars, with social, economic, and political implications that extend well beyond the battlefields. Consider the following events that took place a year and a half after the invasion of Iraq. On September 1, 2004, thousands of enraged Nepalese took to the streets of Kathmandu. Their target was the small Muslim community in the country. By the end of the night the citys largest mosque, along with a number of Muslim-owned businesses and dozens of labor-recruiting agencies, had been set on fire, and the offices of Pakistani and Gulf-based airlines ransacked. Seven people died, including three individuals killed by rioters who mistakenly identified them as Muslims.

The precipitant of this outburst of violence was the execution the previous day of twelve Nepalese men by the rebel group Ansar al-Sunna in Iraq. The men had left Nepal a month earlier, lured by a local recruiting agency with promises of employment at a luxury hotel in Jordan. Instead, when they reached that country their passports were confiscated and they were told that they were being sent to Iraq to work on a U.S. military base for a Jordanian-based military logistics subcontractor, Daoud & Partners. If they refused to go they would be sent back to Nepal, still owing thousands of dollars in brokerage fees to the recruiting agency. On the way to their destination the convoy was attacked and they were kidnapped. Less than two weeks later they were killed, and the execution video posted online.

The twelve men were in Iraq due to a remarkable change in how the U.S. supports overseas military operations. Since 2001 it has relied on a legion of private military companies (PMCs) that employ workers from around the world. The scale of this phenomenon is extraordinary. According to a November 2008 contracting census conducted by U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), for instance, there were more than 266,000 contractors supporting military operations in its area of responsibility (AOR), which includes the Middle East and Afghanistan. This was just short of the number of troops deployed there during the same period. The total included roughly 163,000 people working in Iraq and 68,000 in Afghanistan, with the remainder located at various bases and logistics support hubs elsewhere in the region.

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