George C. Galster - The Metropolis in Black and White

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The Metropolis in Black & White

The
Metropolis
in
Black
&
White

PLACE, POWER, AND POLARIZATION

Edited by George C. Galster and Edward W. Hill

First published 1992 by Transaction Publishers

Published 2017 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2012017092

ISBN 978-0-88285-139-6

The metropolis in black and white : place, power and polarization / edited

by George C. Galster and Edward W. Hill.

p. cm.

Originally published in 1992 by the Center for Urban Policy Research

as: The Metropolis in black & white : place, power, and polarization.

1. Inner cities--United States. 2. Metropolitan areas--United States.

3. Urban policyUnited States. 4. United StatesRace relations. 5.

United States-Social conditions--1980- I. Galster, George C., 1948-

II. Hill, Edward W. III. Metropolis in black & white.

HN59.2.M48 2012

307.342--dc23

2012017092

Contents

Figures

Tables

Suggested Further Readings

Figures

Figure 1.1 The Relationships Between Place, Power and Polarization

Figure 2.1 Percent of Black Persons, by Census Tracts in Cuyahoga County, 1990

Figure 2.2 Central Neighborhood in the City of Cleveland by Census Tracts, 1990

Figure 4.1 Distribution of Employment by Full-Time Equivalent Earnings

Figure 4.2 Distribution of Employment by Full-Time Equivalent Earnings, by Race

Figure 4.3 Distribution of Employment by Full-Time Equivalent Earnings, Men Aged 2534

Figure 8.1 Life Expectancy at Birth, According to Race and Sex: United States, 19501983

Figure 8.2 Infant Mortality Rates by Race: United States, 19501986

Figure 8.3 Average Annual Death Rates for Strokes, 19791981 (deaths per 100,000 population)

Figure 8.4 A Model of Inter-Racial Health Disparities

Figure 9.1 Spatial Illustration of Typical Units of American Local Government

Figure 9.2 Council-Mayor Form of Municipal Government

Figure 9.3 Commission Form of Municipal Government

Figure 9.4 Council-Manager Form of Municipal Government

Figure 11.1 A Cumulative Causation Model of the Underclass Phenomenon

Figure 13.1 Comparison of Caste and Class Dynamics

Figure 15.1 The Vicious Circle of Prejudice and Inequality

Figure 17.1 The Relationship Between the Four Standards and Nine Aspects in Public Schooling

Figure 17.2 The Relationship Between the Three Standards and Four Aspects in Public Elementary Schooling

Figure 17.3 The Relationship Between the Four Standards and Nine Aspects in Public Secondary Schoolinga

Figure 19.1 Major Steps in Comprehensive Institutional Change

Tables

Table 1.1 Percentage of Men with Zero Annual Earnings

Table 2.1 Percentage of SMSA Populations Living Outside Central City in 1970 and 1980, by Race

Table 2.2 Residential Dissimilarity of Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians in Fifteen U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 19701980

Table 2.3 Black Delegates at National Political Conventions, 19401984

Table 2.4 Black Elected Officials, by Region, 19411985

Table 2.6 Black Gains in City Employment, 1973-1980

Table 3.1 Definitions of the Underclass

Table 3.2 Selected Estimates of Size of the Underclass

Table 4.1 Distribution of Annualized (Full-Time Equivalent) Wages and Salary Incomes Adjusted for Weeks and Hours of Paid Employment, 1979 and 1987 by Race (in thousands)

Table 5.1 Average Unemployment Rates by Race, 19481989

Table 5.2 Male Labor Force Participation and Unemployment Rates, 19401990

Table 5.3 Youth Unemployment Adjusted for Differences in Labor Force Participation Rates, 1990

Table 5.4 Sectoral Earnings and Growth Profile

Table 5.5 Occupational Structure of Three Sectors

Table 5.6 Sectoral Occupation Employment Ratios in Two Service Sectors, 1988

Table 6.1 Selected Housing and Economic Statistics for Blacks and Whites in Urban Areas

Table 7.1 Selected Characteristics of the 25 Most Populous Cities, Fall 1986

Table 7.2 Public School Districts in Large Central Cities

Table 7.3 Percent Distribution of Persons Age 5 to 17 Years Enrolled in School by Residence, October 1988

Table 7.5 Percent Distribution of Central City Residents Enrolled in School by Age and Race

Table 7.6 Percent of Students at or Above Selected Reading Proficiency Levels by Race and Age for Selected Years

Table 7.7 National Assessment of Educational Progress for Age and Select Characteristics of Participants by Subject (percent difference from national portion correct)

Table 7.8 Educational Attainment, March 1987 Percent Distribution by Highest Level Attained by Race, Sex, and Major Occupational Group

Table 8.1 Cancer Mortality Rates by Primary Site and Race (rates per 100,000 population)

Table 8.2 Death Rates by Selected Cause, Race, and Sex (rates per 100,000 population)

Table 10.1 Black Mayors of Cities with Populations over 50,000, 1990

Table 14.1 New Budget Authority for Assisted Housing, FY 19771988 (in billions of dollars)

Table 16.1 Racial Attitudes Survey (in percent)

Table 16.2 Key Elements and Objectives of Integration Programs

Table 17.2 Comparison of the Nine Aspects of Public Education with Two Theories of School Failure and Two Programs of School Reform

Table 19.1 Number of Minorities in Municipal Administration

Preface and Acknowledgments

Airplane travel is often filled with unique and revelatory experiences. Such was the case during the spring of 1989 when we shared a flight from Cleveland to Baltimore, where a conference of urbanists was being held. As our view of the city gradually faded during our ascent through the clouds, it struck us that the general public and policy makers alike had long been examining urban racial issues in a similar fashion:

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