Donald R Mickelwait - New Directions in Development: A Study of U.S. Aid

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New Directions in Development

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New Directions in Development: A Study of U.S. AID Donald R. Mickelwait, Charles F, Sweet, and Elliott R. Morss

In 1973 Congress legislated a fundamental change in U.S. foreign aid policy: rather than provide general assistance to developing nations, the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID) would focus on helping the rural poor in those nations. AID commissioned Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI), to prepare a strategy for making the change toward "New Directions" in development and then to assist in the design and implementation of a number of projects using the new strategy.

The authors describe the bureaucratic and administrative problems that confronted Development Alternatives in this job, giving particular attention to the administrative and bureaucratic barriers within AID itself. They conclude with a set of recommendations for reform that are essential if the agency is to attain its "New Directions" objectives.

Donald R. Mickelwait, president of DAI, is currently designing information systems to support rural development projects.

Charles F. Sweet, vice-president of DAI, directs a study of local private organizations in the rural areas of developing nations.

Elliott R. Morss, director of research at DAI, is studying bureaucratic behavior and other constraints that impede the development effectiveness of bilateral and multilateral efforts.

New Directions in Development: A Study of U.S. AID

Donald R. Mickelwait, Charles F. Sweet,
and Elliott R. Morss

First published 1979 by Westview Press

Published 2018 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1979 by Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-5059

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-01790-3(hbk)

Contents

1. SECTION I
   TWELVE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: DESIGN, APPROVAL, AND IMPLEMENTATION
   1. Chapter 1
      THE PROJECTS, THEIR SETTING, AND DAI INVOLVEMENT
   2. Chapter 2
      THE PROCESS OF PROJECT DESIGN
   3. Chapter 3
      THE REVIEW/APPROVAL PROCESS
   4. Chapter 4
      ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
   5. Chapter 5
      SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS
2. SECTION II
   REFLECTIONS ON THE PROCESS APPROACH TO PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
   1. Chapter 6
      PROJECT DESIGN ISSUES
   2. Chapter 7
      THE ROLE OF EXPERIMENTATION IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
   3. Chapter 8
      REFLECTIONS ON PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
   4. Chapter 9
      REFLECTIONS ON THE REVIEW/APPROVAL PROCESS
3. SECTION III
   PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
   1. Chapter 10
      PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4. ANNEX A
   LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF SECTION 611(a) (1) OF THE FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT
5. ANNEX B
   DAI ACTIVITIES IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

1. SECTION I
   TWELVE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: DESIGN, APPROVAL, AND IMPLEMENTATION
   1. Chapter 1
      THE PROJECTS, THEIR SETTING, AND DAI INVOLVEMENT
   2. Chapter 2
      THE PROCESS OF PROJECT DESIGN
   3. Chapter 3
      THE REVIEW/APPROVAL PROCESS
   4. Chapter 4
      ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
   5. Chapter 5
      SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS
2. SECTION II
   REFLECTIONS ON THE PROCESS APPROACH TO PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
   1. Chapter 6
      PROJECT DESIGN ISSUES
   2. Chapter 7
      THE ROLE OF EXPERIMENTATION IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
   3. Chapter 8
      REFLECTIONS ON PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
   4. Chapter 9
      REFLECTIONS ON THE REVIEW/APPROVAL PROCESS
3. SECTION III
   PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
   1. Chapter 10
      PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. ii
2. iii
3. xxi

Guide

Table

Figure

In 1973 the Agency for International Development (AID) asked Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI), to assist in the development of project strategies to attain the goals of the "New Directions" Congressional mandate to focus assistance on the rural poor. With the completion of this work, late in 1975, AID asked DAI to assist in the design of twelve rural development projects in ten countries which, taken together, are budgeted at $65 million.

This report describes the design efforts themselves, documents the frequently tortuous process of moving the projects through the AID review and approval system, and discusses the problems of implementation that follow.

At this writing, about half the projects have only recently reached the implementation stage. Thus it is too early to say which design efforts or which design and implementation approach resulted in the greatest benefit to the rural poor in the the countries involved. Nonetheless, the design efforts themselves, coupled with a tracing of the projects as they moved through the review and approval process, have uncovered serious constraints in AID'S present procedures, which hinder the pursuit of the "New Directions" mandate. This report documents these deficiencies and presents recommendations to overcome them.

This report is but one of a large number of studies and assessments completed by DAI on development assistance, shown in Annex B. This knowledge base is used to extend the conclusions beyond the immediate sample of twelve to a broad experience with AID approaches and policies.

This work is the product of considerable effort of several of the DAI staff, as well as the authors.

. In addition, as Director of Research, he reviewed all material submitted by other authors.

Donald R. Mickelwait oversaw design efforts in Latin America and Afghanistan, provided the original material for , with assistance from Robert Rich of Princeton University, and George Honadle of DAI.

These people are merely the front-runners in what has been a group effort. DAI utilizes a team approach, and nine unmentioned staff worked in the field to capture the essence of local dynamics in our assigned areas. Likewise this report profits from reviews, editing and discussions by non-authors, which often substantially changed and improved the original contribution. James Woldahl has typed uncounted drafts of this report, and has faithfully seen it through to its present form. Billie Jo Williams has served as editor and production manager.

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