David I Steinberg - Burmas Road Toward Development: Growth and Ideology Under Military Rule

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Burma's Road Toward Development

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Westview Special Studies on South and Southeast Asia

Burmas Road Toward Development: Growth and Ideology Under Military Rule

David I. Steinberg

A liberalization of economic policies has inspired considerable economic growth and encouraged the development of Burma's natural resources, but, according to David Steinberg, the current military government is akin to previous civilian governments in its commitment to socialism as a vehicle for development. The economic flexibility demonstrated by the government has not been matched by political liberalization, and as a result, economic growth remains a captive of administrative and policy constraints.

Steinberg traces the origins and acceptance of socialist thought and planning in Burma and shows how socialist ideology has had to be tempered with pragmatism in order to make economic development possible. Looking to Burma's future, he also points out two central problems facing the country: strained minority relations, which have kept the nation from developing a sense of unity, and difficulties with political succession brought on by the military regime's preoccupation with perpetuating its own leadership.

David I. Steinberg is a research and evaluation officer in the Office of Evaluation, Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination, Agency for International Development. He is also the author of Burma: Profile of a Socialist Southeast Asian Nation, forthcoming from Westview.

For
Alexander Lee and Eric David,
who were patient

Burma's Road Toward Development: Growth and Ideology Under Military Rule

David I. Steinberg

Westview Special Studies on South and Southeast Asia

First published 1981 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2018 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1981 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Steinberg, David I.
Burma's road toward development.
(Westview special studies on South and Southeast Asia)
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. BurmaEconomic policy. 2. BurmaEconomic conditions1948- . 3. BurmaPolitics and government1948- . 4. BurmaArmed ForcesPolitical activity. I. Title. II. Series.
HC422.S73 338.9591 81-10362
ISBN 0-86531-224-9 AACR2

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-01886-3 (hbk)

Contents

1. ii
2. iii

Guide

1. Maps
2. Tables
3. Charts

I would like to thank the many specialists and friends who have commented on the various drafts with which I have burdened them. They include Josef Silverstein, Frank Trager, Jon Wiant, John Seabury Thomson, Richard Blue, Thomas Gibson, William Siffin, Millard Burr, the late U Law Yone, Barbara Pillsbury, and Wendy Law Yone. John Wilkenson was also helpful on some economic calculations. These people are, of course, not responsible for any errors of fact or judgment that have crept into this volume, but they have measurably improved its style and content. The burden of error falls on me alone.

This book is a product of my private time, of innumerable hours spent at home. It in no way purports to represent the policy or views of the U.S. government, its agencies, or any of its employees, except, of course, my own.

I would like to thank Wilma Ditter for typing so many of the early drafts, Margaret Barone for the penultimate draft, Rita Jan for the final copy, and my former colleagues in what is now the AID Office of Philippines, Thailand, and Burma Affairs for their patience in coping with the piles of Burmese materials with which I flooded those premises. I would also like to express appreciation to the staff of the library of the Department of State for allowing me to keep so many of their volumes long beyond the time normal bureaucratic regulations permit and for assisting me in obtaining materials through interlibrary loan. The staff of Westview Press have been very helpful as well with their substantive and editorial comments.

Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to my family, who put up with my absences while I worked late into the night and on weekends closeted in my study, surrounded by stacks of papers that created health, fire, and emotional hazards for us all.

The material from Since 1962" at the Association for Asian Studies Meeting in March 1980. It will be published by the Institute of Southeast Asia Studies, Singapore, along with the other papers from this panel.

In preparing the manuscript for publication extensive cuts were made to keep it within a manageable length. Thus detailed material on the origins of socialism in Burma and the Buddhist/socialist connections has been eliminated, as has additional material on contemporary Burmese economics, such as the cooperative movement and transportation, and an extensive chronology since 1962. I hope that these data might be published separately at a later date.

It is also my hope that this book will be read by my Burmese friends in the spirit in which it was intended. My purpose was to make Burma better known to development specialists, explaining to them the nature of the Burmese experience, as well as bringing specialists on Burma up to date on contemporary events there. I have tried to write with an understanding of Burmese problemsproblems that need explanationwith sympathy for the Burmese, and with great hopes for the future well-being of the country and its people.

David I. Steinberg

Burman: A member of an ethnolinguistic group speaking Burmese as the native language and wearing the dress associated with that group.

Burmese: A citizen of the Union of Burma of any ethnolinguistic group.

Burmese names: There are no surnames in Burma. Names of mature men have U or a title as a prefix; e.g., U Nu, Bogyoke (General) Ne Win, Thakin Kodaw Hmaing. In the text, titles after the first mention have been eliminated except in the case of U Nu, as this form of the name has become very well known abroad.

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