Hanspeter Neuhold - The European Neutrals in the 1990s: New Challenges and Opportunities

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THE EUROPEAN NEUTRALS IN THE 1990s

Austrian Institute for International Affairs Series

The Austrian Institute for International Affairs (AIIA) is an independent research institution for the scientific study of current issues of Austrian foreign policy and international relations.

The European Neutrals in the 1990s: New Challenges and Opportunities, edited by Hanspeter Neuhold

The Vienna Meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1986-1989: A Turning Point in East-West Relations, Stefan Lehne

FORTHCOMING

Unequal Partners: A Comparative Analysis of Relations Between Austria and the Federal Republic of Germany and Between Canada and the United States, edited by Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold

The European Neutrals in the 1990s

New Challenges and Opportunities

edited by Hanspeter Neuhold

First published 1992 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2019 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The European neutrals in the 1990s: new challenges and opportunities
edited by Hanspeter Neuhold.
p. cm.(Austrian Institute for International Affairs series.)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8133-8315-3
1. EuropeNeutrality. 2. EuropeForeign relations1945
3. Security, International. 4. EuropeEconomic integration.
I. Neuhold, Hanspeter. II. Series.
JX5361.E955 1992
341.6'4'094dc20 91-15427
CIP

This book was typeset by the AIIA.

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-29188-4 (hbk)

Contents

Guide

• AASM Associated African States and Madagascar
• AIIA Austrian Institute for International Affairs
• ARGE Arbeitsgemeinschaft (Working Community)
• CBM confidence-building measure
• CD Conference on Disarmament
• CDE Conference on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures and Disarmament in Europe
• CFE (Negotiation on) Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
• CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
• CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• CSBM confidence- and security-building measure
• CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
• CSFR Czecho-Slovak Federal Republic
• CSSR Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
• CTB comprehensive test ban
• DSFP Documents on Swedish Foreign Policy
• EC European Community
• ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
• EEC European Economic Community
• EES European Economic Space
• EFTA European Free Trade Association
• EG Europische Gemeinschaft (European Community)
• EPC European Political Cooperation
• ESCON escalation control
• EURATOM European Atomic Community
• FCMA Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance
• FINNEFTA Association between Finland and EFTA
• FP Freiheitliche Partei sterreichs (Austrian National-Liberal Party)
• FRG Federal Republic of Germany
• GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
• GDR German Democratic Republic
• IMF International Monetary Fund
• INF intermediate-range nuclear forces
• KGB Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (Committee of State Security)
• MBFR Mutual Balanced Force Reductions
• MP Member of Parliament
• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• N+N Neutral and Non-Aligned
• NRDC National Resources Defense Council
• OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
• OEEC Organization for European Economic Cooperation
• OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• VP sterreichische Volkspartei (Austrian Christian Democratic People's Party)
• SEA Single European Act
• SOU Statens Offentliga Utredningar (Swedish Government Official Reports)
• SP Sozialistische Partei sterreichs (Austrian Social-Democratic Party)
• SWS Sozialwissenschaftliche Studiengesellschaft
• ULA Ulkopoliittisia lausuntoja ja asaikirjoja (Statements and Documents on Finnish Foreign Policy)
• UN United Nations
• USA United States of America
• USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
• VAT value-added tax
• WEU Western European Union
• WTO Warsaw Treaty Organization

The Austrian Institute for International Affairs (AIIA) started its activities in 1979. To commemorate its tenth anniversary, the institute decided to organize a scholarly conference, for which the challenges faced by the neutral states of Europe appeared as a logical topic. The conference was held on June 8-9, 1989, in Laxenburg and was attended by more than fifty participants from eight countries.

Recent far-reaching changes in Eastern and Western Europe and in interbloc relations have indeed reversed the difficulties and opportunities for the European neutrals. Previously, the military situation and tensions between the blocs had constituted their principal concerns, whereas free-trade arrangements with the European Communities seemed to have solved the problem of participation by the neutral states in West European economic integration. With the beginnings of sweeping reforms in Eastern Europe, the advent of a new and more profound East-West dtente, and steps toward genuine disarmament, military threats and the fear of hopelessly falling behind in the arms race between the two alliances led by the United States and the Soviet Union have receded more and more into the background for the neutral countries.

In contrast, the prospect of exclusion and discrimination as a result of recent substantial progress in integration among the twelve members of the European Community (in particular, due to the decision to establish the internal market by the end of 1992) has increasingly alarmed Austria, Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland. Whereas in the past the neutrals worried that conflicting parties would not accept their third-party activities (such as good offices or mediation) because East-West relations were too strained, in the 1990s dramatic improvements in these relations might make such neutral contributions redundant.

These changes led the organizers of the conference to propose a discussion of the general topic according to four considerations:

1. Neutral security policies in the wake of the INF Treaty and the Vienna CSCE Follow-Up Meeting
2. The European neutrals and West European economic integration
3. The European neutrals and new developments in Eastern Europe
4. Possibilities and limitations for neutral "bridge-building" and future cooperation among the neutral states of Europe

Each of these four issue areas was introduced by a main speaker from a different neutral country, who dealt both with the general aspects and that country's position on them. This presentation was followed by statements by experts from the other neutral states, who only focused on their country's national views on the problems at hand.

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