Tim Forsyth - International Investment and Climate Change: Energy Technologies for Developing Countries

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International Investment and Climate Change: Energy Technologies for Developing Countries

Research by the Energy and Environmental Programme of the Royal Institute of International Affairs is supported by generous contributions of finance and technical advice from the following organizations:

Amerada Hess

Ashland Oil

British Gas

Blue Circle Industries

British Nuclear Fuels

British Petroleum

Eastern Electricity

ENI

Enron

Enterprise Oil

Esso/Exxon

LASMO

Mobil Services

Mitsubishi Fuels

Osaka Gas

PowerGen

Ruhrgas

Saudi Aramco

Shell

Statoil

Tokyo Electric Power

Texaco

Veba Oil

International Investment and Climate Change: Energy Technologies for Developing Countries

Tim Forsyth

First published in the UK in 1999 by

The Royal Institute of International Affairs and Earthscan Publications Ltd

This edition published 2013 by Earthscan

For a Full list of publications please contact:

Earthscan

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Earthscan

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Earthscan is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-85383-622-0 (pbk)

Cover Design by Yvonne Booth

The Royal Institute of International Affairs is an independent body which promotes the rigorous study of international questions and does not express opinions of its own. The opinions expressed in this publication are the responsibility of the author.

by Michael Grubb

The issue of technology transfer between developed and developing countries has bedeviled international negotiations on environment and other topics for decades. The Rio Agenda 21 agreement stated that access to and transfer of environmentally sound technology should be promoted, on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed; a formulation of words that has been incorporated in similar form in the Climate Change Convention and many subsequent agreements.

As Tim Forsyth notes in this book, in practice relatively little has been achieved. He suggests two main reasons: the disjoint between the public-sector debate and the private ownership of most leading environmental technology; and the long-term, complex nature of the process, particularly concerning the costs and commercial risks to private investors. The reality is that private investment now dominates investment, and the concern of this book is to explore how private investment may best be harnessed to help meet both developmental and environmental goals, specifically relating to the energy sector and global climate change concerns.

In the mid 1990s, our Programme conducted research on industrial innovation and environmental policy in the Organization for Economic Coordination and Development (OECD), and the potential implications for sustainable industrialization.1 We had also conducted extensive work on renewable energy, and on the climate change regime. I was therefore delighted when Japans New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) expressed interest in supporting more in-depth work on the issues surrounding international investment and the transfer of clean energy technologies, particularly renewable energy sources, in the Asian region.

The first stage of that joint venture was a workshop at Chatham House on technology transfer held a few months before the Kyoto conference.2 A second workshop, in May 1998, focused more specifically on the energy issues in Asia. Both meetings helped to contribute towards the information and thinking in this book, but Tim Forsyth must take all the credit for the structure of the work, selection of case studies and the focus of analysis and conclusions.

To help inform the debate about generalities with specific realities, in this book Tim Forsyth draws lessons from case studies of renewable investment in South-east Asia, based upon visits to these countries in the course of the project. But the book is also well grounded in the broader academic debate about the role of the firm, and of privatization, in national development and international investment. In linking this conceptual understanding with practical experience, and drawing on the specific mechanisms established in the Climate Convention and its Kyoto Protocol, this book constitutes a unique contribution to debates in all these communities.

In the area of climate change, there is a clear mutual interest in enhancing the transfer of advanced technologies. Developing countries want clean, adequate and affordable energy to meet their development needs. Developed countries want them to achieve this without a massive growth in greenhouse gas emissions. How to achieve this remains a topic of considerable confusion, and this book aims to move that debate forward. After it was submitted to the editor, the Buenos Aires follow-up conference to Kyoto agreed to establish a consultative process, with a list of specific questions to be resolved, in order to reach agreement on a framework to enhance implementation of the Conventions provisions on technology transfer. The book could thus hardly be more timely.

This book completes the first phase of a three-year collaborative effort with NEDO. We wish Tim every success in his new post at the Institute of Development Studies. The next phase of work at RIIA will be led by Gill Wilkins, under the guidance of my own successor as Head of Programme, Duncan Brack. It has been a privilege to work with Tim to bring the project this far, and I wish our respective successors every success in building further upon the work presented in this book.

Michael Grubb

Energy and Environmental Programme

December 1998

1 David Wallace, Environmental Policy and Industrial Innovation, London: RIIA/Earthscan, 1995; David Wallace, Sustainable Industrialization, London: RIIA/Earthscan, 1996.

2 Tim Forsyth (ed), Positive measure for technology transfer under the Climate Change Convention, London: RIIA, 1998.

This book is the result of research conducted at the Energy and Environmental Programme (EEP) of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA), Chatham House. Since its establishment, the EEP has developed an international reputation for developing market-oriented and practical ways to implement international environmental policy. This book complements existing work in the EEP concerning climate change policy and privatization and liberalization of electricity markets worldwide, especially

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