Valerie Anderson - Race and Power in British India: Anglo-Indians, Class and Identity in the Nineteenth Century

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Valerie Anderson had a 30 year career in the NHS and university sector as a bio-medical and research scientist, after which she changed track to pursue a lifelong interest in nineteenth-century social history. After gaining her PhD from the School of Oriental and African Studies in London she is now an independent historian. Her decision to specialize in Anglo-Indian history was sparked by an inability to find satisfactory answers to her childrens questions about their own ancestry and cultural heritage.

RACE AND
POWER IN
BRITISH INDIA

Anglo-Indians, Class and Identity in the
Nineteenth Century

V ALERIE A NDERSON

Published in 2015 by

I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd

London New York

www.ibtauris.com

Copyright 2015 Valerie Anderson

The right of Valerie Anderson to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Every attempt has been made to gain permission for the use of the images in this book.

Any omissions will be rectified in future editions.

References to websites were correct at the time of writing.

International Library of Colonial History 16

ISBN: 978 1 78076 879 3

eISBN: 978 0 85773 998 8

A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available

For Glenn, Elizabeth, Edward and Elijah

CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

: Summary of Proscriptions Seen as Inimical to Eurasian Interests, 17731813.

: Census of India; Eurasians Enumerated by Province, State, and Agency.

: Estimating Eurasian Population Growth All India.

: British Soldiers in India Crown and Company Armies.

: Marriage Rates and Age for 1881 General Male Population and Soldiers, (b): Marriage Rates for Age Ranges General Male Population and Soldiers, (c): Age Demographics General Male Population and Soldiers.7778

: European Population of India, 1881.

: Shortfall of European Women in India, 1881.

: Occupations of Madras Eurasians in 1898.

: Occupations of Anglo-Indians in British India, 1931.

: Provincial Civil Service.

: Establishment for Female Hospital for Women and Children.

: Military Musicians.

: Grades and Salaries: Indian Subordinate Medical Department, 1908.

: Number of Men and Monthly Salary by Occupation and Race.

: Clerks.

: Drivers.

: Fitters.

: Apprentices.

LIST OF FIGURES

: 1880 European and Eurasian Employees by Recruitment Year.

: Monthly Salary by Race Classification.

: Non-Indian Employees of EIR by Race.

: East Indian Railway's Eurasian Employees by Location.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I owe a huge debt of gratitude to Professor Peter Robb, whose thoughtful guidance has brought this work to completion. The South Asia History group at SOAS provided another layer of support and inspiration. The archivists and librarians of the National Archives of India, New Delhi; of the Oriental and India Office Collection, British Library; of Senate House Library; and of SOAS Library offered expert advice both on identifying sources and on negotiating their digital catalogues and other electronic resources.

Whilst in Delhi, I was assisted in so many ways by people who went out of their way to help a stranger. When you are thousands of miles from home, alone with a broken laptop and a contiguous welt of mosquito bites, a little sympathy goes a long way. Whether they were fellow researchers, staff at the archives, auto drivers, hotel staff, or fellow guests, they made my stay all the more memorable by their kindness.

Somewhere out there is an unnamed, faceless horde of transcribers and scanners, whose efforts to compile digital archives have brought to my laptop, now fully restored, unpublished archival material, rare books, photographs, and theses from every corner of the Earth, most of it completely free of charge. Two open-access digital archives that are particularly fabulous must be mentioned, Google Books and Archive.org, to which so many universities and archives have contributed material. Thanks to them, my research has not been constrained by opening hours or distance.

My greatest debt is to my family for their patience and tolerance. I have ignored their needs, disappeared for months of fieldwork, bombarded them with my thoughts and findings, and covered every household surface with unstable piles of books and papers. They learned to recognize when I was in the zone, provided endless cups of coffee and otherwise let me be. Even distance was no protection, as Australia and America are instantly accessible by e-mail and chapter drafts easily attached! Rather than a thank you, they all deserve an apology!

ABBREVIATIONS

BMJ	British Medical Journal
EAIA	Eurasian and Anglo-Indian Association
EIC	East India Company
EIR	East India Railway Company
FIBIS	Families in British India website
ICS	Indian Civil Service
IMS	Indian Medical Service
IOFH	The India Office Family History website
IOR	India Office Records
ISMD	Indian Subordinate Medical Department
MAS	Modern Asian Studies
NAI	National Archives of India, Delhi
NCO	Non-commissioned officer
ODNB	Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
OIOC	Oriental and India Office Collection, British Library, London
PRO	Public Records Office, Kew, UK
RAMC	Royal Army Medical Corps
TNA	The National Archives, Kew, UK
WO	The War Office

GLOSSARY

Anna	1/16 rupee
Ayah	servant responsible for child care
Batta	allowance
Babu	an Indian clerk literate in English
Bhestie	servant who supplies water
Bibi	Indian mistress
Boxwallah	a tradesman or merchant
Burra sahib	master of a family or department, senior official
Cranny	clerk
Dacoit	a bandit
Desh	ones native land or region
Durbar	court or government
Gentoo	a Hindu
Griffin	newly arrived government servant
Jaghir	hereditary landed estate
Jati	community
Kurta	a knee-length loose-fitting shirt
Languti	cloth used to cover a man's buttocks and genitalia

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