S Utham Kumar Jamadhagni - The Unrecognised Peril - Threats to Environmental Security

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Copyright 2014, S.Utham Kumar Jamadhagni

First Published : 2014

ISBN: 978-93-82652-50-2

All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Application for such permission should be addressed to the publisher.

The views expressed in this book are those of the contributors in their personal capacity. These do not have any official endorsement.

Preface

The traditional and non-traditional security issues of the region of South Asia are of continuing research interest. However, the current scenario of burgeoning population, the mandrake of terrorism and religious fundamentalism and widespread environmental damage, draws the problem of non-traditional security to the forefront. The security paradigm no longer revolves around the military understanding of security. Its scope has expanded to necessarily include other areas such as human security, environmental security, economic security, food security, societal security and also maritime security.

The region of South Asia poses many challenges not restricted to housing the worlds poorest, experiencing fast paced economic growth while simultaneously pushing many more under the poverty line. The acute need for more and more resources to meet the bare necessities of life, has led to severe pressure on the environment. Over exploitation of natural sources of existence and anthropogenic intervention in natures normal cycles has resulted in large-scale pollution. This not only affects humans themselves, but also permanently scars the environment. The irreparable damage is now snowballing into worrisome conditions of climate change and global warming. Politicai systems are undergoing constant flux in this region compounded with societal upheaval due to drastic changes in economic and political status of various groups. All these changes warrant examination.

This book is an attempt to define the contours of South Asia using the lines of non-traditional security. Each of the above mentioned security areas would be dealt with chapter wise. In the early chapters the book provides a brief introduction of the concept of security, the primacy of human security in todays world, and the place of environmental security in the human security rubric. The twin problems of effect of war on environment and climate change have been dealt with elaborately in three chapters of the book. Next the book highlights the major environmental challenges that South Asia as a region faces with specific problems associated with each country. Moving on to focus on India the rest of the chapters deal both with the bigger picture and particular issues that pose serious challenges to environmental security in India. This includes the threat to marine biodiversity through pollution and other threats; fishing and its effects; internal water security; energy security and even nuclear threat.

My thanks are due to my wife CS Anuradha who has helped with the editing. I am grateful for the constant encouragement of my colleagues Prof. Gopalji Malviya and Dr. A Thennarasu at the Department of Defence and Strategic Studies, University of Madras, without which this book could not have seen the light of day.

- S Utham Kumar Jamadhagni

Contributors

1. Yagama Reddy is a former Director of Centre for Southeast Asian and Pacific Studies, Sri Venkateshwara University, Tirupati. He is a geographer and an environmental studies scholar. He has written many books and contributed a number of articles in leading journals in his area of expertise.
2. Adluri Subrahmanyam Raju is Associate Professor at the Madanjeet Singh Centre for South Asian Studies, Pondicherry University. He has many books to his credit.
3. Col P.K.Gautam (Retd) is an Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis (IDSA) Research Fellow. His main area of research interest is Environmental security. He has held the DRDO, D.S.Kothari Chair on Environment Security at the USI of India from 2002-2003.
4. Ajay Lele is an Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis (IDSA) Research Fellow. His areas of expertise include Weapons of Mass Destructions with major emphasis on Biologica! Weapons, Space and National Security and Non Military Threats.
5. Sudhir K. Singh is Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Dayal Singh College, New Delhi. He has edited many books and regularly conducts topical seminars on a variety of subjects.
6. Lalitha Ramadurai is Program Officer at Parampara an NGO in Chennai and is researching for her doctoral degree in environmental science.
7. R.Sudhakar is Assistant Professor, Department of National Security Studies, Central University of Jammu.
8. Mathew George is Deputy Director, Project on Human Security, Centre for South Asian Studies, Pondicherry University.
9. Ramakrishnan Ramani is a Freelance Researcher of Security Studies.
10. O. Nirmala is a UGC Senior Research Fellow at the Department of Defence and Strategic Studies, University of Madras.
11. Udhaya Kumar is Project Fellow in a UGC Major Research Project at the Department of Defence and Strategic Studies, University of Madras.
12. C.S.Anuradha is a former faculty member, Department of Politics and International Studies, Pondicherry University and a Fulbright scholar. Currently, she is an independent researcher based in Chennai.

I
Introduction

Conceptual Understanding of the Security Paradigm

The security paradigm has moved from the traditional understanding of the state remaining the principle unit of enquiry and its military capabilities shaping its survival to wider connotation. The fall of the Soviet Union and with it, the loss of a well-defined enemy; the resurgence of East European nationalism, which highlighted the importance of domestic factors to security and the opposite trend of pan-state processes, such as globalization, revealed the poverty of traditional security in its inability not in the multiplicity of threats, but the inadequacy of its responses to such threats1. However, this has changed recently and the meaning of security has now widened to include economic, environment and societal dimensions in addition to the military aspect. The referent object of security has shifted from the state to individuals2.

Richard Ullman in a 1983 paper titled Redefining Security3 argued that military security conveys a profoundly false image of reality it causes states to concentrate on military threats and to ignore other, and perhaps, even more harmful dangers. Thus, it reduces their total security. Second, it contributes to a pervasive militarisation of international relations that in the long run can only increase global insecurity.4 Such work emphasised the need to recast security in a different light so as to involve issues such as population growth and resource scarcity. Joseph Nye and Sean Lynn-Jones, reporting on a conference on the future of security studies held at Harvard in 1987, pointed to the weaknesses of traditional security studies.5 However, the landmark scholarship in this regard made by Barry Buzan and the Copenhagen school widened the security agenda to add political, economic and societal security sectors to the existing military sense of security. Buzans work

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