Thomas Renard - The Evolution of Counter-Terrorism Since 9/11: Understanding the Paradigm Shift in Liberal Democracies

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The Evolution of Counter-Terrorism Since 9/11

This book examines the evolution of counter-terrorism (CT) policies in liberal democracies since 2001, with a specific focus on the case of Belgium.

What is counter-terrorism (CT)? While the answer to this question may seem self-evident, it has become quite complicated to define the contours of a field that has expanded dramatically in the two decades since the 9/11 attacks. The development of softer policies, dealing with the prevention of radicalisation, has blurred the limits of CT.

Through the use of public policy theory and an in-depth case study on Belgium, the book identifies the key factors influencing CT policy-making, both domestically and internationally, and offers an explanation for the development of a more comprehensive CT agenda across Europe. It provides an innovative theoretical approach and is also based on extensive interviews with key counter-terrorism officials and analysis of key policy documents. The book concludes by identifying some key drivers of change and offers an embryonic theory of CT policy-making.

The book will be of much interest to students and practitioners of counter-terrorism, radicalisation, European politics and security studies.

Thomas Renard is Senior Research Fellow at the Egmont Institute, Belgium, and is also Adjunct Professor at the Brussels School of Governance.

Political Violence

Series Editor: John G. Horgan, Georgia State University, USA

Founding Editor: David Rapoport

This book series contains sober, thoughtful and authoritative academic accounts of terrorism and political violence. Its aim is to produce a useful taxonomy of terror and violence through comparative and historical analysis in both national and international spheres. Each book discusses origins, organisational dynamics and outcomes of particular forms and expressions of political violence.

Understanding Terrorism and Political Violence

The Life Cycle of Birth, Growth, Transformation, and Demise

Dipak K. Gupta

Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism

Designing and Evaluating Evidence-Based Programs

Michael J. Williams

Prosecuting Political Violence

Collaborative Research and Method

Edited by Michael Loadenthal

Terrorism, Democracy and Human Security

A Communication Model

Ronald Crelinsten

Territoriality of Radical Islamist Groups

Security, Economy and Identity

Bohumil Dobo, Martin Riegl and Jakub Landovsk

The Evolution of Counter-Terrorism Since 9/11

Understanding the Paradigm Shift in Liberal Democracies

Thomas Renard

For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Political-Violence/book-series/SE0196

The Evolution of Counter-Terrorism Since 9/11

Understanding the Paradigm Shift in Liberal Democracies

Thomas Renard

First published 2022
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2022 Thomas Renard

The right of Thomas Renard to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN: 978-1-032-03574-1 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-03577-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-18801-8 (ebk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003188018

Typeset in Times New Roman
by Apex CoVantage, LLC

To Vanessa, Lily and William, my wife and children. They are my everything.

Contents

1. Half Title
2. Series

1. i
2. ii

Guide

Twenty years after the horrific terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on 9/11, Thomas Renards excellent book offers an insightful and timely analysis of the evolution of Belgiums counter-terrorism policy. What are the endogenous and exogenous factors that have given rise to the current architecture of the Belgian security apparatus? Is Belgium now better prepared to detect and address new threats than it was in 2013, when it failed to stop hundreds of its citizens from heading to Iraq and Syria and joining Daesh or Jabhat al-Nusra as foreign terrorist fighters? Has Belgium struck the right balance between security and preventive measures, in what Thomas Renard describes as an integral approach? How can effective preventive measures be designed without securitising them too much?

All these questions also apply to the European Unions (EUs) counter-terrorism policy. Indeed, the fight against terrorism has been the common thread of European integration in the field of security.

Two factors explain why the EU made so much progress so quickly in a field that is highly sensitive in terms of Member States sovereignty.

Firstly, EU counter-terrorism policy has been driven by events, even before 9/11. The first form of inter-governmental cooperation the TREVI cooperation between home affairs ministers started in 1976 in response to the terrorist attacks during the Olympic Games in Munich in 1972. Similarly, the first step towards the creation of a European judicial space was triggered by the 1976 hijacking of an Air France aeroplane flying from Athens to Paris, which was forced to land in Entebbe. Thereafter, the most significant breakthroughs have happened in response to major terrorist attacks: the creation of the European arrest warrant, the legal definition of terrorism, the conclusions of two landmark agreements between the EU and the US in the fields of extradition and mutual legal assistance, the setting up of Eurojust and the creation of the Counter-Terrorism Group (CTG) were all prompted by the 9/11 attacks. The 2004 Madrid attacks led to the adoption of the EU counter-terrorism strategy and to the appointment of an EU Counter-Terrorism Coordinator. The London bombings in 2005 led to the adoption of a controversial but key piece of legislation on the retention of metadata. And, as I will set out later, the 2015/2016 terrorist attacks in France and Belgium prompted a further EU response.

Secondly, the Lisbon Treaty drastically changed the rules of the institutional game. Upon its entry into force in December 2009, internal security became a shared competence of the EU and the Member States, and the Community method applies to the decision-making process. Most legislation can be adopted by qualified majority in the Council, subject to full review by the Court of Justice of the European Union.

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