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John A Kroll - Closure in International Politics: The Impact of Strategy, Blocs, and Empire

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Book:
Closure in International Politics: The Impact of Strategy, Blocs, and Empire
Author:
John A Kroll
Publisher:
Routledge
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Books / Politics
Year:
2021
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Closure in International Politics

The Political Economy of Global Interdependence

Thomas D. Willett, Series Editor

Closure in International Politics: The Impact of Strategy, Blocs, and Empire, John A. Kroll

The Political Economy of Global Interdependence

First published in 1995 by Westview Press

Published in 2021 by Routledge

605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 0-8133-8938-0

ISBN 13: 978-0-3670-1752-1 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-0-3671-6739-4 (pbk)

For my mother and late father

Contents

1 Introduction

Layout of the Book

Conclusions

2 Trade in an Anarchical World

The Debate over Policy

Policies and Outcomes

Structures and Outcomes

Benchmarks

Provenance

3 Defining the National Interest

Analyzing the Politics of Trade

Assumptions

Closure as a Strategic Outcome

Colonization as a Strategic Outcome

Cooperating Within a Prisoners Dilemma

Process

Trade and Cooperation

Conclusions

4 Implications and Hypotheses

From Variables to Policies

Hypothesis

Crossroads

Conclusions

PART TWO CLOSURE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

5 The Rise and Fall of Free Trade

Levels of Trade

Tariffs

Colonies

Alternative Explanations

Conclusions

6 Great Britain and the Collapse of Free Trade

The Success of British Reactions in the Late-Nineteenth Century

The Failure of British Actions in the Late-Nineteenth Century

Conclusions

7 Germany and the Collapse of Free Trade

The Success of German Reactions in the Late-Nineteenth Century

The Failure of German Actions in the Late-Nineteenth Century

Conclusions

PART THREE AVENUES OF COOPERATION

8 Tales of Brave Ulysses

The Collapse of Free Trade in the Late-Nineteenth Century

The GATT and Its Critics

Conclusions

1. 1 Introduction
  1. Layout of the Book
  2. Conclusions
2. 2 Trade in an Anarchical World
  1. The Debate over Policy
  2. Policies and Outcomes
  3. Structures and Outcomes
  4. Benchmarks
  5. Provenance
3. 3 Defining the National Interest
  1. Analyzing the Politics of Trade
  2. Assumptions
  3. Closure as a Strategic Outcome
  4. Colonization as a Strategic Outcome
  5. Cooperating Within a Prisoners Dilemma
  6. Process
  7. Trade and Cooperation
  8. Conclusions
4. 4 Implications and Hypotheses
  1. From Variables to Policies
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Crossroads
  4. Conclusions
Part Two Closure in the Nineteenth Century
1. 5 The Rise and Fall of Free Trade
  1. Levels of Trade
  2. Tariffs
  3. Colonies
  4. Alternative Explanations
  5. Conclusions
2. 6 Great Britain and the Collapse of Free Trade
  1. The Success of British Reactions in the Late-Nineteenth Century
  2. The Failure of British Actions in the Late-Nineteenth Century
  3. Conclusions
3. 7 Germany and the Collapse of Free Trade
  1. The Success of German Reactions in the Late-Nineteenth Century
  2. The Failure of German Actions in the Late-Nineteenth Century
  3. Conclusions
Part Three Avenues of Cooperation
1. 8 Tales of Brave Ulysses
  1. The Collapse of Free Trade in the Late-Nineteenth Century
  2. The GATT and Its Critics
  3. Conclusions

Guide

Tables and Figures

Tables

2.1 The Necessary Conditions for Stable Free Trade Systems and the Policies That Fulfill Them

2.2 Rival Links Between Commercial Policies and Systemic Outcomes

3.1 Taylors Outline of the Possibilities for a Supergame Equilibrium

3.2 The Mechanisms Behind Trade Cooperation

4.1 State Policy and the Rewards from Trade

6.1 Treating Policy as an Independent Variable

6.2 Patterns of British Commercial Policies by Decade

7.1 Patterns of German Commercial Policies by Decade

8.1 Percent of GNP Lost Due to Multilateral Trade War in Which All Other Trading Areas Adopt First Step Optimal Tariff

Figures

2.1 Observations and Changes After Exposure to X and X

3.1 Terms of Trade Effects

3.2 Identifying Paths of Influence for Tariffs

3.3 National Income as a Function of Tariff Rates

3.4 Prisoners Dilemma of Trade for Large States

3.5 Continuous Strategies and Continuous Payoffs

3.6 Trade and Indifference Curves

4.1 Generalizing Tariff Reductions by Large States

5.1 Growth Rates in World Trade Versus Growth Rates in Total Industrial Production (Annual Average in Percent)

5.2 Austro-Hungarian Tariff Revenues as Percent of Total Imports

5.3 French Tariff Revenues as Percent of Total Imports

5.4 German Tariff Revenues as Percent of Total Imports

5.5 British Tariff Revenues as Percent of Total Imports

5.6 Italian Tariff Revenues as Percent of Total Imports

5.7 Russian Tariff Revenues as Percent of Total Imports

5.8 United States Tariff Revenues as Percent of Total Imports

5.9 British Colonies: Area and Population by Year

5.10 French Colonies: Area and Population by Year

5.11 German Colonies: Area and Population by Year

6.1 British Exports to Colonies as a Fraction of Total Exports

6.2 Terms of Trade for Three Economies

Acknowledgments

The major focus of this research is cooperation, the cooperation needed to make free trade a stable outcome in international politics. Such cooperation is much more possible than most realists have argued, but it is far less automatic than many liberals have maintained. Nations can overcome the politically debilitating effects of the anarchic international system, but only when they support free trade with a set of specific, and non-intuitive, commercial policies. It is the waxing and waning of these policies that explains the historical rise and fall of free trade systems.

Similarly, this appearance of this research in book form has been possible only because many individuals and institutions were willing, each in their own way, to support it. It was only through their contributions that I was able to acquire the intellectual, monetary, and personal resources necessary for completing an undertaking of this scope.

My largest thanks go to my mother and my late father. Both toiled tirelessly to ensure that I received the education circumstances had denied them. Without their sacrifices, none of this would have been possible. The support of my brothers, my sister, and their families has also been crucial, both in their encouragement of my studies and in their willingness to assume many familial responsibilities that should have rightly fallen upon me. Three other families bear special mention. The Tompkins and Cermak families welcomed me into their ranks, providing friendship, confidence, and support. The Bridgham family was always there when I needed refuge from a sometimes inhospitable world.

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