Thandeka Joyce F. Kirk - Making a Voice: African Resistance to Segregation in South Africa

African Modernization and Development Series

My first acknowledgement must go to my Mom for instilling in me the belief that I could accomplish my goals and insisting that education was the key to success. Next, I must thank my family, brothers, sisters, nieces, and nephews for being supportive through all the years it has taken me to complete this book. I must also thank the following: undergraduate teachers, Cathern Davis, and Erlie Burton at Malcolm X College, Chicago, Illinois. Sterling Plumpp, University of IllinoisChicago Circle, for inspiring me with African literature and talk of the Limpopo river that germinated a burning desire to study African history and do research in South Africa. In graduate school the friendship of my sisters in spirit, Keletso Atkins, Lynda Day, Susan Grabler, Rene Tantala and Hazel Symonette and brothers in spirit, David Anthony, Jim Giblin, David Newbury, Jacob Mohlamme, and Mbudzeni Sibara. And other supportive friends: Carolyn McVeigh, Cheryl Johnson, Carline Edie, Helen May, Blandina Giblin, Fabu Carter, Donna Jones, Robert Dale, Robert Baum, Robert Rinfrow, Vincent Smith, Kweku Embil, members of the Zito Dance Troupe, and many others.

The three American professors that influenced me most were Steven Feierman, Jan Vansina, and Tom Shick (passed on). I thank you. The six months I stayed at Jans house saved me financially and helped me to complete a considerable amount of microform reading. Steven Feierman exhibited great patience and fortitude in sending me taped comments to make corrections on the dissertation and being available exactly when I needed him most.

I want to thank Patrick Harries and Christopher Saunders for their hospitality each time I was in Cape Town, and Helen Bradford in both Johannesburg and Cape Town. Thanks to Gary Baines for helpful correspondence and deeds over the years. A special thanks and appreciation to my South African sister in spirit, Lindiwe Mzo, and also to Nenzi Plaatjes, Magala Ngatane, Poppy Huna, Puci Headbush, Teboho Moja, and Zola Vakalisa. And to my South African brothers in spirit Jeff Peires, Zweklakhe Tshandu, Trevor Mdaka and family, Moses Molapo (passed on), Wilmot James, Motepele Malebana, Ivan Evans, Nenzi and all the families in the eastern Cape, in particular, members of the Headbush family. In the Cape thanks to Celiwe and Celika, the sisters who helped me enormously with research and housing. A thousand thanks to Nozipho, my interpreter in Port Elizabeth, for introductions and interviews each time I did research in Port Elizabeth and for generous hospitality in the Cape, the Headbushes, the Mzoboshes, and the Evans. In the Transvaal, Andries and Gaby, Makgala Ngatane, Thapelo, Jackie, and most of all to Trevor Mdaka and family for helping me to settle in and conduct interviews in the Cape and Transvaal. In the U.S. thanks to Fred Cooper and Jane Burbank for their hospitality while I was on a fellowship at the University of Michigan in 1989.1 apologize to any friends I failed to mention and ask their forgiveness.

I was affiliated with the African Studies Institute (now known as the Institute for Social and Economic Research) at the University of the Witwatersrand when doing field research in 1981-1983, 1987, and 1993. I appreciate assistance from Tim Couzens, Charles Van Onselen, Alan Mabin, and especially Phil Bonner. Many people at the University of Cape Town, University of Western Cape and Rhodes University offered assistance. A special thanks to Colin Bundy for assistance in Oxford and Cape Town and his offers of hospitality. And thanks to Stanley Trapido for hospitality during my first visit to Oxford. Thanks to Shula Marks, Saul Dubow and others who read my work for the Journal of Southern African Studies. I greatly appreciate the assistance of the staff of the libraries and archives, especially the South African library, Queen Victoria Street, Cape Town, Cape Archives, (the old and new locations), and University of the Witwatersrand.

For financial assistance towards completion of this project I acknowledge Title VI language fellowship 1981; Fulbright Hays, 1982; Ohio State University, Small Grant, 1985; Dubois, Mandela, Rodney fellowship, 1989; and Institute on Race and Ethnicity fellowship, 1990.

I want to thank all of my colleagues at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Africology for the enormous support in providing a nurturing and pleasant work environment and moral support in completing my book manuscript. They are the best colleagues around the academy.