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Saulius A. Suziedelis - Historical Dictionary of Lithuania

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Saulius A. Suziedelis Historical Dictionary of Lithuania
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The Lithuanian people have undergone historic changes quite different from those of other European nations. In earlier centuries geography provided strategic advantage and opportunities for expansion but in recent times the country has more often experienced location as a geopolitical curse. After constantly losing territory and shrinking in size, the country disappeared in 1795. However, after World War I a popular national movement led to the restoration of Lithuania as an independent state. World War II and its bloody aftermath brought foreign occupation as well as genocide, mass murder, and destruction unparalleled in the countrys modern history. The restoration of independence in 1990 has fundamentally altered Lithuanias geopolitical reality. Integration into the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization promise a new level of security for the Lithuanian state in the 21st century even as the social and economic transformations present both promising opportunities and difficult challenges.
The second edition of the Historical Dictionary of Lithuania will serve as a useful introduction to virtually all aspects of Lithuanias historical experience, including the countrys relations with its neighbors. This is done through a chronology, an introductory essay, an extensive bibliography, and over 300 cross-referenced dictionary entries on significant persons, places, and events; institutions and organizations; and political, economic, social, cultural, and religious facets.

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HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF EUROPE

Jon Woronoff, Series Editor

Greece , by Thanos M. Veremis and Mark Dragoumis. 1995.

Romania , by Kurt W. Treptow and Marcel Popa. 1996.

United Kingdom: Volume 1, England and the United Kingdom; Volume 2, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland , by Kenneth J. Panton and Keith A. Cowlard. 1997, 1998.

Hungary , by Steven Bla Vrdy. 1997.

Ireland , by Colin Thomas and Avril Thomas. 1997.

Russia , by Boris Raymond and Paul Duffy. 1998.

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , by Zeljan Suster. 1999.

Belgium , by Robert Stallaerts. 1999.

Poland, 2nd edition , by George Sanford. 2003.

Estonia , by Toivo Miljan. 2004.

Ukraine , by Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, and Myroslav Yurkevich. 2005.

Bulgaria, 2nd edition , by Raymond Detrez. 2006.

Slovakia, 2nd edition , by Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. 2006.

Sweden, 2nd edition , by Irene Scobbie. 2006.

Finland, 2nd edition , by George Maude. 2007.

Georgia , by Alexander Mikaberidze. 2007.

Belgium, 2nd edition , by Robert Stallaerts. 2007.

Moldova, 2nd edition , by Andrei Brezianu and Vlad Spnu. 2007.

Switzerland , by Leo Schelbert. 2007.

Contemporary Germany , by Derek Lewis with Ulrike Zitzlsperger. 2007.

Netherlands, 2nd edition , by Joop W. Koopmans and Arend H. Huussen Jr. 2007.

Slovenia, 2nd edition , by Leopoldina Plut-Pregelj and Carole Rogel. 2007.

Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2nd edition , by Ante uvalo. 2007.

Modern Italy, 2nd edition , by Mark F. Gilbert and K. Robert Nilsson. 2007.

Belarus, 2nd edition , by Vitali Silitski and Jan Zaprudnik. 2007.

Latvia, 2nd edition , by Andrejs Plakans. 2008.

Contemporary United Kingdom , by Kenneth J. Panton and Keith A. Cowlard. 2008.

Norway , by Jan Sjvik. 2008.

Denmark, 2nd edition , by Alastair H. Thomas. 2009.

France, 2nd edition , by Gino Raymond. 2008.

Spain, 2nd edition , by Angel Smith. 2008.

Iceland, 2nd edition , by Gu munder Hlfdanarson. 2009.

Turkey, 3rd edition , by Metin Heper and Nur Bilge Criss. 2009.

Republic of Macedonia , by Dimitar Bechev. 2009.

Cyprus , by Farid Mirbagheri. 2010.

Austria, 2nd edition , by Paula Sutter Fichtner. 2009.

Modern Greece , by Dimitris Keridis. 2009.

Czech State, 2nd edition , by Rick Fawn and Ji Hochman. 2010.

Portugal, 3rd edition , by Douglas L. Wheeler and Walter C. Opello Jr. 2010.

Croatia, 3rd edition , by Robert Stallaerts. 2010.

Albania, 2nd edition , by Robert Elsie. 2010.

Malta, 2nd edition , by Uwe Jens Rudolf and Warren G. Berg. 2010.

Armenia, 2nd edition , by Rouben Paul Adalian. 2010.

Russian Federation , by Robert A. Saunders and Vlad Strukov. 2010.

Kosovo, 2nd edition , by Robert Elsie. 2011.

Lithuania, 2nd edition , by Saulius Suied lis. 2011.

Historical Dictionary
of Lithuania

Second Edition

Saulius Suiedlis

Historical Dictionary of Lithuania - image 1

The Scarecrow Press, Inc.

Lanham Toronto Plymouth, UK

2011

Published by Scarecrow Press, Inc.

A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.

4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706

http://www.scarecrowpress.com

Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom

Copyright 2011 by Saulius Suiedlis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Suiedelis, Saulius, 1945

Historical dictionary of Lithuania / Saulius Suiedelis 2nd ed.

p. cm. (Historical dictionaries of Europe)

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 978-0-8108-4914-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8108-7536-4 (ebook)

1. LithuaniaHistoryEncyclopedias. I. Title.

DK505.37.S89 1011

947.93003dc22 2010040643

Picture 2 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper
for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

Printed in the United States of America

IN MEMORIAM

Simas Suied lis (19031985)

Antanina Suied lien (19041995)

Editors Foreword

Few countries have undergone the extremes of Lithuania. An expanding and thriving grand duchy in the 15th century that dwarfed neighboring kingdoms, it lost territory and shrank during successive wars and partitions until it disappeared. Then, almost miraculously, it was resurrected after World War I, only to be swallowed up again, and then finally returned as an independent state only two decades ago. Even under foreign rule, however, the essence of Lithuania was preserved, as was the hope of its people. Lithuanians currently have their own country, in which they have had to revamp their political institutions, reorganize the educational system, revitalize the economy, and determine new directions in foreign policy. In some ways they have succeeded and in others not, but they are now more in control than ever of their own destiny.

The unraveling of Lithuanias history and explanation of its society is done through a list of acronyms, an introduction, a chronology, and a multitude of dictionary entries on crucial people, places, and events. The institutions and traditions of Lithuania are described, as are the people, the language, and the culture, and the political, economic, and social situations are outlineda significant first step toward knowing this old and new country. Finally, the bibliography provides areas for further study.

The rebirth of independent Lithuania was a pivotal event in the lives of many Lithuanians, both those who remained in their country and those who emigrated, including the author, Saulius Suiedlis. Although living in the United States, he has devoted his studies and much of his career to learning and teaching about Lithuania in particular and Eastern Europe in general: from a dissertation on the Lithuanian peasantry to studies of World War II and the Holocaust in Lithuania, as a teacher of history at several colleges, as a director of an annual conference on genocide, and as professor of history at Millersville University of Pennsylvania. In addition, Professor Suiedlis has benefited from new opportunities to teach and conduct research in Lithuania itself. The results of his scholarship are reflected in the new edition of the Historical Dictionary of Lithuania , which provides additional insight into a small but vibrant country that deserves to be understood more thoroughly.

Jon Woronoff

Series Editor

Preface

At the very outset, one should acknowledge the limitations of this Historical Dictionary of Lithuania . No single volume can encompass the complexity of a country whose very name has evoked different geographic, political, and cultural connotations over the centuries. This volume is intended, rather, as an introduction for the nonspecialist who needs a guide to the most important mileposts of Lithuanias past. This raises the problem of selection, which inevitably entails omissions when choosing the more significant personalities, events, and institutionsa process influenced to some degree by the predilections and even prejudices of the historian. Hopefully, common sense and the authors four decades of study in the field have left some mark in the form of recognizing the essential features of Lithuanian history.

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