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Thomas Lane - Lithuania: stepping westward

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Lithuania restored her independence, after half a century of Soviet occupation, in the immediate aftermath of the failed Moscow coup in August 1991. As the multi-national Soviet state disintegrated, Lithuania evolved, without war or violence, from a communist state and a command economy to a liberal democracy, a free market, and a society guaranteeing human and minority rights. Lithuania therefore offers a notable example of peaceful transition, all the more impressive in the light of the bloody conflict elsewhere in the former Soviet Union of Yugoslavia, where the aspirations to independence of the constituent republics were either violently resisted or dissolved into inter-ethnic violence. Equally remarkable has been Lithuanias determination to return to Europe after half a century of separation, even at the price of submerging its recently restored sovereign rights in the supranational European Union. The cost of membership in western economic and security organizations are judged to be worth paying to prevent Lithuanias being drawn once again into a putative Russian sphere of influence. On the threshold of a new millennium therefore, Lithuania has made a pragmatic accommodation to the demands of becoming a modern European state, whilst vigorously resisting the dilution of her rich cultural and historical traditions. These twin themes of accommodation and resistance are Lithuanias historical legacy to the current generations of Lithuanians as they integrate into European institutions and continue the modernization process.

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title Lithuania Stepping Westward Postcommunist States and Nations - photo 1
title:Lithuania : Stepping Westward Postcommunist States and Nations
author:Lane, A. T.
publisher:Taylor & Francis Routledge
isbn10 | asin:
print isbn13:9780203411452
ebook isbn13:9780203402740
language:English
subjectLithuania--Foreign relations--Russia (Federation) , Russia (Federation)--Foreign relations--Lithuania, Lithuania--History--1991- , Lithuania--Politics and government--1991-
publication date:2001
lcc:DK505.69.R8L36 2001eb
ddc:327.4793047
subject:Lithuania--Foreign relations--Russia (Federation) , Russia (Federation)--Foreign relations--Lithuania, Lithuania--History--1991- , Lithuania--Politics and government--1991-

Page i

Lithuania

Page ii

Postcommunist States and Nations

Books in the series

Belarus: A denationalized nation

David R.Marples

Armenia: At the crossroads

Joseph R.Masih and Robert O.Krikorian

Poland: The conquest of history

George Sanford

Kyrgyzstan: Central Asias island of democracy?

John Anderson

Ukraine: Movement without change, change without movement

Marta Dyczok

The Czech Republic: A nation of velvet

Rick Fawn

Uzbekistan: Transition to authoritarianism on the silk road

Neil J.Melvin

Romania: The unfinished revolution

Steven D.Roper

Lithuania: Stepping westward

Thomas Lane

Latvia: The challenges of change

Artis Pabriks and Aldis Purs

Estonia: Independence and European integration

David J.Smith

Bulgaria: The uneven transition

Vesselin Dimitrov

Page iii

Lithuania

STEPPING WESTWARD

Thomas Lane

Lithuania stepping westward - image 2

London and New York

Page iv

First published 2001
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

2001 Routledge

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or
other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 0-203-40274-X Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-41145-5 (OEB Format)

ISBN: 0-415-26731-5 (Print Edition)

Page v

FOR NICK, MAX, ANA AND BARBARA

Page vi

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Page vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chronology

ix

Preface

xiii

Introduction

xvii

Map of Lithuania

xxxix

Section I: Revival and Repression 19141985

Independent Lithuania between the Wars

Sovietization 19401985

Section II: Independence and the Politics of Transition 19851999

The Achievement of Independence 19851991

Government and Politics in Independent Lithuania

The Lithuanian Economy after Independence

Lithuanias Foreign and National Security Policy

Bibliography

Index

Page viii

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Page ix

CHRONOLOGY

11th Century AD

Lithuania first mentioned in chronicles.

1200

The Pope summoned a crusade to convert the Baltic pagans to Christianity. The Teutonic Order of Knights was the Churchs main instrument.

123663

Reign of Mindaugas, who unified the Lithuanian tribes in defence against the Teutonic Order.

131641

Reign of Grand Duke Gediminas; vigorous defence against the Teutonic Order combined with territorial expansion into Russian lands.

1323

Beginnings of the construction of Vilnius by Gediminas.

1385

Marriage of Grand Duke Jogaila to Queen Jadwiga of Poland: beginnings of Lithuanias conversion to Christianity as a result.

13921430

Reign of Grand Duke Vytautas: under him Lithuania achieved its greatest power and widest territorial extent, from the Baltic to the Black Sea.

1410

The Lithuanians and Poles inflict crushing defeat on the Teutonic Order at Zalgiris (Grunwald, Tannenberg).

1569

Treaty of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania establishes the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the face of the growing challenge of Moscow.

1697

Polish made the official language of the Commonwealth.

171480

Life of Kristijonas Donelaitis, one of the most celebrated Lithuanian poets.

1795

Third Partition of Poland, leading to the incorporation of Lithuania in the Russian Empire.

1830

Revolt against Russian rule begins the process of intense Russification.

1832

University of Vilna (Vilnius) closed down.

1861

Emancipation of Lithuanian peasantry.

1863

Second major revolt against Russia.

18631904

Intense opposition by Lithuanians to the policy of Russification: book smuggling from Lithuania Minor (in East Prussia) into Lithuania to circumvent the ban on books in the Latin script.

December 1905

Meeting of Lithuanian Assembly in Vilnius accompanying the revolution in Russia.

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