Alexandra Ashbourne - Lithuania: The Rebirth of a Nation, 1991-1994
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In 1990, the tiny Soviet Republic of Lithuania declared independence and began restoring the mechanisms of independent government and democracy that had been suppressed by its Soviet invaders for half a century. Lithuania examines the first years of this rebirth in the face of the legacy of the Soviet occupation. In addition to chronicling the lively chain of events leading to and stemming from the declaration of independence, Alexandra Ashbourne studies the essential components of rebirth: the creation of domestic, foreign, and security policies and the revitalization of an independent economy.Drawing from the personal testimony of Lithuanians closely connected to these events, Ashbourne appraises Lithuanias attempts to rejoin the international community and acquire an effective security guarantee. She concludes that the damage caused by fifty years of Soviet domination created obstacles to the process of rebirth, obstacles that are proving difficult and even impossible to overcome.Readers of Lithuania will find its discussions applicable to most former Soviet republics and Eastern Bloc states. The book will be invaluable to students and scholars of Lithuania, Soviet history, and international political policy.
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LEXINGTON BOOKS
Published in the United States of America by Lexington Books 4720 Boston Way, Lanham, Maryland 20706
12 Hid's Copse Road Cumnor Hill, Oxford OX2 9JJ, England
Copyright 1999 by Lexington Books
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ashbourne, Alexandra, 1971 Lithuania: the rebirth of a nation, 1991-1994/Alexandra Ashbourne. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7391-0027-0 (cl.: alk. paper) 1. Lithuania History 1991- I. Title. DK505.8.A84 1999 947.9308'6 dc2199-20819 CIP
Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Page v
Contents
Acknowledgments
vii
Introduction
ix
1. History
1
2. Lithuanian Domestic Policy
37
3. Lithuania's Foreign Relations
67
4. Lithuania's Defence and Security Policy
103
5. Lithuania's Economy
133
Conclusion
167
Appendix 1: Case Studies
175
Appendix 2: Data
187
Bibliography
195
Oral Sources
205
Index
215
About the Author
221
Page vii
Acknowledgments
This book could not have been produced without the unwavering guidance of Paul Vysny *. As a Czech, he was able to empathise with the problems faced by Lithuania in its first years of independence. Since my undergraduate days he has been deluged with material on Lithuania, yet has always managed to provide constructive advice and boost my confidence, for which I am extremely grateful. Thanks must also go to the staff of the Modern History Department at St. Andrews University for their constant encouragement. John Hiden, at Bradford University, provided invaluable advice: the shape of this book owes much to him.
Without my family, however, this book would never have been written. I am indebted to my father, for giving me the motivation and inspiration to remain in academia, and also to my mother and grandparents for making me aware of my Lithuanian identity. My mother's translation skills cannot be underestimated: but for her, this work would have been impossible! Gratitude is also due to my recently discovered relatives, Petras and Melita Varkala. Their first-hand experience of key events in Lithuania's history has been invaluable. With Glasnost and the changing political situation in the former USSR, I was finally able to meet my relatives who had been forced to remain in Lithuania, many of whom contributed extremely willingly to my book. Special thanks must go in particular to Zigmas Brazauskas, Asta Reklaityte * and Vytas Reklaitis, but the efforts of the entire family have been greatly appreciated.
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The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.