Erik Skare - Digital Jihad: Palestinian Resistance in the Digital Era

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Erik Skare is an activist and editor for the pro-Palestinian website Infofada. He is also the author (in Norwegian) of Palestine: A Political Travel Guide .

DIGITAL JIHAD

PALESTINIAN RESISTANCE IN THE DIGITAL ERA

Erik Skare

Zed Books
LONDON

Digital Jihad: Palestinian resistance in the digital era was first published in 2016 by Zed Books Ltd, The Foundry, 17 Oval Way, London SE11 5RR, UK.

This ebook edition was first published in 2016.

www.zedbooks.net

Copyright Erik Skare 2016

The right of Erik Skare to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.

Typeset in Adobe Garamond Pro by seagulls.net

Index by John Barker

Cover design by Michael Oswell

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-1-78360-785-3 hb

ISBN 978-1-78360-784-6 pb

ISBN 978-1-78360-786-0 pdf

ISBN 978-1-78360-787-7 epub

ISBN 978-1-78360-788-4 mobi

Dedicated to Jon Brge Hansen and the rest of the old guard.

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I owe a debt of gratitude to many people for helping bring this book to fruition.

First of all, my main supervisor for the research on which this book is based, Associate Professor Albrecht Hofheinz, introduced me to the topic of Arab hacktivists and hacking in the Middle East several years ago at the University of Oslo. I have benefited enormously from his vast knowledge of the Internet and its development in the Middle East.

I also owe great gratitude to my secondary supervisor, Professor Brynjar Lia. I consider myself blessed to have worked for him while writing this book, and he is in many ways my academic role model. Both Hofheinz and Lia gave me invaluable advice and constructive criticism, but most importantly encouragement and moral support through the whole process. I am forever indebted for their input.

Professor at the University of Oslo, Berit Thorbjrnsrud, was of immense help. Her keen eye for the smallest details and longer lines was invaluable and this book would not have been the same without her. Also Charlotte Lysa and Miriam Chakroun were of great help.

The same applies to all of the wonderful people working at the Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages at the University of Oslo who gave their time to discuss even the smallest details of the topic. I am also grateful for what they have done, intentionally or not, to create a safe work environment that makes people dare to fail and thus, subsequently, to succeed.

Anne Stenersen, research fellow at the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, has during my time there become (rather unwillingly) a mentor and a good friend. I will never stop being amazed by her knowledge of radical Islamism, jihadism and the Internet. She gave me invaluable help with this book and I am tremendously grateful for her input. She is truly a brilliant woman.

Reema Asia was always there to help me with new perspectives, ideas and ways to approach the political aspects of this book. She is one of the strongest and brightest Palestinian women I know.

Per Atle Pedersen paid for dinners and an unhealthy amount of coffee while discussing the political and technological aspects of this book. Steinar Pedersen, Gullbrand Giacobbe-Helleberg and Ole Egge are also, alongside Per Atle, a part of the old guard to which this book is dedicated.

Both Peder Martin Lysestl, associate professor at Sr-Trndelag University College, and Petter Bauck of the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) offered necessary comments on the principal political ideas of this book and corrections on even the smallest details. My good friend Magne Hagester helped me with the book, and what he does not know about the Palestinian issue is not worth knowing. Also, my sister-in-law Kamilla was of immense help in structuring the arguments and clarifying the answers to the questions I was posing.

My editor, Kim Walker, deserves a special thank you for supporting me and believing in this book; she is the best editor anyone could wish for. Also, I am truly grateful to the books peer reviewer for setting the bar so high. It has improved the book in ways I could not imagine.

I am indebted to my girlfriend Mathilde, who not only read the manuscript several times and provided me with invaluable feedback, but also encouraging me to continue writing when I felt I could not go on.

Finally, I am grateful for the help and support of my parents. Not only with this book, but all the years they have read, commented and corrected everything that I have written. This book would not have been completed without them. Especially my mother, professor at the University of Troms, spent too many hours reading the manuscript and provided me with more or less useful resources. The same applies to my father, who could have been an excellent scholar and academic. He has chosen to enjoy life instead.

Flaws and inaccuracies that have slipped through are my responsibility alone.

T his book was written with the financial help of Norsk Faglitterr Forfatter- og Oversetterforening (Norwegian Non-Fiction Writers and Translators Organization).

EDITORIAL NOTE

TRANSLITERATIONS

This book uses the transliteration standard of the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES), which is considered as one of the leading standards for Arabic transliteration to the Latin alphabet. When addressing Arabic words and sentences regarding the most important differences from simplified transliteration I render the letters ayn () as , hamza () as , dha () as , ta () as , ha () as , saad () as , and ta marbta () as a and in constructions -at.

Long vowels (, and ) are transliterated in the following order as , , and . Doubled (and

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