Mahmoud M. Ayoub - Islam and the Third Universal Theory: The Religious Thought of Muammar Al-Qadhdhafi

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Routledge Library Editions: Islam, State and Society

Volume 2

ISLAM AND THE THIRD UNIVERSAL THEORY

Islam and the Third Universal Theory

The Religious Thought of Mu'ammar al-Qadhdhafi

Mahmoud M. Ayoub

First published in 1987

by KPI Limited

This edition first published in 2017

by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1987 Mahmoud Mustafa Ayoub

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-138-23270-9 (Set)
ISBN: 978-1-315-31161-6 (Set) (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-23255-6 (Volume 2) (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-23256-3 (Volume 2) (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-31229-3 (Volume 2) (ebk)

Publisher's Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

Islam and the Third Universal Theory: The Religious Thought of Mu'ammar al-Qadhdhafi

Mahmoud M. Ayoub

First published in 1987 by KPI Limited
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Distributed by
Routledge & Kegan Paul, Associated Book Publishers (UK) Ltd,
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Methuen Inc., Routledge & Kegan Paul
29 West 35th Street
New York, NY 10001, USA

Produced by Worts-Power Associates
Set in Times
by Paragon Photoset, Aylesbury
and printed in Great Britain
by Dotesios Printers Ltd.
Bradford-on-Avon

Mahmoud Mustafa Ayoub

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except for the quotation of brief passages in criticism.

ISBN 0-7103-0260-6

Contents

One of the most controversial figures of modem times has been Colonel Mu'ammar al-Qadhdhafi, leader of the Libyan popular revolution of 1 September 1969 and author of the 'Third Universal Theory'. For the West, and especially the Western media, Qadhdhafi is the villain of the piece, master terrorist and close ally of communist Russia. For conservative Arab rulers, Qadhdhafi is 'the madman of Libya', and an atheist communist. For millions of the oppressed of Asia, Africa and Latin America, Qadhdhafi is a hero, a comrade in the revolutionary struggle against imperialism, exploitation and racism. In short, al-Qadhdhafi has been loved and hated, admired and ridiculed, and above all feared as an impulsive politician who refuses to play the usual games of international diplomacy.

The personality and intellectual makeup of Mu'ammar al-Qadhdhafi were formed in the desert, where austerity and simplicity of life provide the basic framework within which he was born and nurtured. Thus his insistence on a simple and straightforward approach to Islam as a religious faith and system of values is an integral part of his desert character. It is, moreover, this uncompromising character which has earned him the condemnation of many traditional Muslim religious leaders and movements, and provided his opponents among Arab rulers with a powerful weapon to use against him in their propaganda, in both the East and West. It is the religious dimension of Qadhdhafi's thought which has been least studied, but which deserves close attention because it provides the foundation and framework of his ideology and public life in all its aspects.

The aim of this work is to present an objective and comprehensive study of Mu'ammar al-Qadhdhafi's religious thinking and its place in his political, economic and social philosophy. My task is not to judge Qadhdhafi as a leader, his sincerity as a man of faith, or to determine the degree of success in implementing his philosophy at home or abroad. It is rather to present to Muslim and non-Muslim readers a true picture of his religious thought and convictions as a Muslim. This I shall attempt in the hope that unfounded speculations about Qadhdhafi's thought and personality will, at least, be questioned as a major source of information. I can do no better in fulfilling this purpose than to let Qadhdhafi speak for himself.

I have relied in my research for this study on a variety of primary and secondary sources. The most important source is, of course, Qadhdhafi's own words. These have been preserved in annual volumes collectively entitled al-Sijill al-Qawmi (The National Record). These important volumes provide, in chronological order from the start of the revolution, 1 September 1969, to the present, all the speeches, media interviews, press conferences and public addresses which Qadhdhafi has delivered on both religious and national occasions. His religious addresses and discourses have also been collected in a volume entitled Khutab wa-Ahadith al-Qa'id al-Diniyah, which constitutes an important primary source for this discussion. The Green Book and commentaries on it written by Qadhdhafi himself and others provide the primary source for our understanding of the type of society which he envisages for his country and the rest of humankind.

The works of Libyan thinkers produced by the International Institute for Studies and Research on The Green Book, in books, pamphlets and monographs, are especially significant because they reflect the views, analyses and judgements of the people most directly concerned with the Third Universal Theory and its application in real life. Mu'ammar al-Qadhdhafi is a devoted Arab nationalist. His words and ideas are addressed first and foremost to the Arab people of his country and the rest of the Arab world. Thus, Arab writers who have dealt with his ideological and political thought must be given serious attention as important, albeit secondary, sources. The works of Western writers- journalists, political scientists and historians - are used only as sources for our understanding of Western attitudes towards Colonel Qadhdhafi and his thought.

The biographical portrait of Qadhdhafi, so sensitively and sympathetically presented by Mirella Bianco, will be used as an important primary source in discussing Qadhdhafi's formative years before the revolution. The book appeared first in French under the title Kadhafi, Messager du Desert, and was subsequently translated into English under the title Gadafi, Voice from the Desert. It is generally regarded as the chief biography of Qadhdhafi, even by the Libyan authorities, who had the book translated into Arabic. The author based her work on first-hand information gathered through extensive travel in Libya and elsewhere, interviewing a large number of people who knew or worked with Qadhdhafi, including his parents and other members of his family and tribe.

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