Roland Mousnier - Peasant Uprisings in Seventeenth-Century France, Russia, and China

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: POLITICAL PROTEST

Volume 15

PEASANT UPRISINGS IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE, RUSSIA AND CHINA

PEASANT UPRISINGS IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE, RUSSIA AND CHINA

ROLAND MOUSNIER

First published in Great Britain in 1971 by George Allen & Unwin Ltd

This edition first published in 2022

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1960 Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-03-203038-8 (Set)

ISBN: 978-1-00-319086-8 (Set) (ebk)

ISBN: 978-1-03-204816-1 (Volume 15) (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-03-204818-5 (Volume 15) (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-00-319477-4 (Volume 15) (ebk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003194774

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

Peasant Uprisings

in Seventeenth-Century France Russia and China

BY ROLAND MOUSNIER

TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH BY BRIAN PEARCE

First published in Great Britain in 1971

This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. All rights are reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, 1956, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the publishers.

Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1960

ISBN 0 04 909005 4 Cased

0 04 909006 2 Paper

This work was first published in French under the title
Fureurs Paysannes: Les pay sans dans les Revoltes du XVII.
Steele (France, Russie, Chine)

Calmann-Lvy, 1967

Printed in Great Britain

by Compton Printing Ltd

London and Aylesbury

Contents

Translators Note

Introduction: A Century of Revolts All Over the World

Part One
france: peasant revolts

1. The Social Structures of the Kingdom of France

2. The Role of the Peasants in French Revolts as a Whole between 1624 and 1648

3. The Croquants of Saintonge, Angoumois, and Poitou1636

4. The Croquants of Prigord1637

5. The Nu-Pieds of Normandy1639

6. The Torrbens of Brittany1675

Part Two
Russia: the peasants in the revolts of the time of troubles and in the anabasis of stenka razin

7. The Social Structures of Russia at the End of the Sixteenth Century

8. Peasant Revolts of the Time of Troubles. The False Dmitris. Bolotnikov

9. Russian Society Before the Revolt of Stenka Razin

10. The Revolt of Stenka Razin

Part Three
china: the peasants in some revolts toward the end of the ming dynasty

11. The Social Structures of China in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century

12. Feasant Revolts Under the Last Mings

Conclusion

a comparison of the peasant revolts in france, russia, and china

Index

Maps

France in the 1630s

Southwestern France

Normandy

Western Brittany

Russia

China

Chart

Local Government in China Under the Ching

Translators Note

Professor Mousnier assumes his French reader to possess a familiarity with the agrarian relationships and with the administrative and fiscal structures of seventeenth-century France which is not to be expected in many of those who will read this English version of his book. He therefore uses, as a matter of course, a number of technical terms belonging to these fields. It would be as futile to try to translate some of these in the text as it might be, in a translation from English into some other language of a book in which cricket matches are described, to try to translate terms like cover point mid off, or long stop. Instead, a note is here offered on some aspects of the French scene in the period covered by this book, composed so as to bring out the significance of those terms that have been left in the original language in the text. For the sake of brevity and clarity some generalizations and unqualified statements have been risked which readers who know the subject already may find rather daring: but this note is not meant for them.

First, some points about agrarian relationships. Here confusion may arise from the use of the word domaine (Latin, dominium) to mean both ownership and the physical area of land subject to ownership in one form or another. A lord possessed domaine direct (or domaine eminent) over all his land; it meant that he had the right to homage or dues from all who occupied it. In practice, a lord often, if not usually, granted out most of his land to other people. Those to whom he granted it were said to possess the domaine utile of the land assigned to them: in other words, after rendering to their lord that which it was their duty to render, they could keep for themselves whatever they could make out of the land they cultivated. The land thus granted out by the lord was called his directe seigneuriale.

Some of this directe seigneuriale was granted out in the form of fiefs nobles, in return for noble services. (The person who received such a fief was normally himself a nobleman, though, as mentioned in the text, a peasant or bourgeois could obtain one on condition of paying what was called franc-fief, frank-fee.) One of the obligations incurred by the recipient was the rendering of aveu et dnombrementliterally, acknowledgment and enumerationa formal record and description of the holding and all the responsibilities connected with it. If such a fief was sold, the purchaser had to pay the lord quint et requintliterally, a fifth, and a fifth of thatwhich meant, e.g., that if the fief changed hands for 100,000 livres, the purchaser had to pay the lord 20,000 livres plus 4,000 livres, i.e., 24,000 livres. Should the fief be bequeathed to someone who was not a relative in the direct line of succession, he had to pay

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