Michael M. Cernea - Anthropological Approaches To Resettlement

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Anthropological Approaches to Resettlement

First published 1993 by Westview Press

Published 2018 by Routledge

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1993 by Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Anthropological approaches to resettlement: policy, practice, and theory / edited by Michael M. Cernea and Scott E. Guggenheim

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 0-8133-8102-9

1. Land settlement-Cross-cultural studies. 2. Forced migration-Cross-cultural studies. 3. Economic development projects-Cross-cultural studies. 4. Population policy-Cross-cultural studies.

I. Cernea, Michael M. II. Guggenheim, Scott E. (Scott Evan), 1935-.

GN449.3.A58 1993

307.2-dc20

93-4932
CIP

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-01235-9 (hbk)

Contents

, Scott E. Guggenheim and Michael M. Cemea

, Michael M. Cemea

, Ibrahim F. I. Shihata

, G. Edward Schuh

, Maria Teresa Fernandes Serra

, Ulla-Marjatta Mustanoja and Kari J.Mustanoja

, Leopoldo J. Bartolom

, V.Q. Adu-Aryee

, David F. Aberle

, Scott Evan Guggenheim

, Michael M. Horowitz, Dolores Koenig, Curt Grimm, and Yacouba Konate

, Francesca Agneta, Stefano Berterame, Mariarita Capirci, Loredana Magni, and Massimo Tommasoli

, N.K. Behura and P.K. Nayak

, Muneera Salem-Murdock

, Chris de Wet

, William L. Partridge

, Michael M. Cemea

Guide

We are indebted to the large number of scholars, activists, and development practitioners who have helped us understand the dilemmas of involuntary displacement and resettlement. However, the greatest debt of the editors of this volume is to the many displaced people who have opened their doors to us, despite the hardships they have endured in the name of developments. Their courage, strength, and articulateness as they struggle to rebuild their lives is too seldom acknowledged.

We would also like to thank our social science colleagues in the World Bank who have done much to advance resettlement thinking as well as practice. Finally, we must thank Ruth Cemea and Robin Madrid, both fellow anthropologists, for numerous critical and rewarding conversations about social science and development.

The painting reproduced on the cover was purchased on the streets of Manila a few years ago by one of this volumes editors. We could not find the painter to tell us the story of his painting, but he captured forcefully and vividly what social scientists take many pages to describe: the drama of urban displacement in Manila. It is a drama typical of many other big cities all over the developing world.

Michael M. Cemea and Scott E. Guggenheim

Scott E. Guggenheim
Michael M. Cernea

Introduction

The 1980s might well go down in history as the decade of displacement. Whether caused by disasters that ranged from famines in Africa, wars in the Middle East, or to homelessness in America, the close of the twentieth century will be remembered for the large numbers of people evicted from their houses, farms, and communities and forced to find a living elsewhere.

This book is examines a special type of displacement. It is about people who have been forced to move because of development projects. Displacement caused by the construction of large dams and the reservoirs that they form is undoubtedly the most commonly studied form of development caused displacement, but all projects that acquire already occupied land involve varying degrees of resettlement.

Resettlement has slowly moved into the limelight of development concerns. The heightened interest in resettlement derives in part from the more general concern over the adverse environmental and social impacts created by large infrastructure projects. Another source has been the widely publicized and increasingly well organized resistance to resettlement in many parts of the world. In Brazil, for instance, community activists formed the Regional Commission Against Large Dams (CRAB), which has since evolved into a national federation for people affected by resettlement. In India, another country with an active tradition of rural organizing, opposition to resettlement caused by the Narmada River Development projects has become an international as well as a national rallying point for criticisms of development models based on capital intensive economic growth through large-scale infrastructure development.

Time Period	Number of People
China	19501990	20,000,000
India	1950 1990	18,500,000
Thailand	19631977	130,000
Brazil	19801990	400,000
Turkey	19801990	300,000

Yet from a development perspective and the perspective of the contributors to this book, a third cause of the new focus on resettlement is equally important. While surely there are projects where involuntary resettlement can and should be avoided entirely, equally surely, there are many cases where societies must balance the costs of resettlement with benefits such as safe water supplies, efficient transportation systems, or irrigated agriculture. Reconciling the need of developing societies to improve their physical infrastructure with the protection of the rights and interests of the people most immediately affected by displacement is a major issue that, until recently, few countries were prepared to address.

The challenge of solving the resettlement dilemma can only grow. International concern over resettlement has largely focused on internationally financed projects, yet internationally financed development projects typically account for only a small proportion of development activities in any given country. Indeed, in larger developing countries such as Brazil, China, India, or Indonesia such projects account for a quite small share of overall resettlement, although international assistance does make up a disproportionate share of the very largest projects.

Aggregate information on the number of people who have been displaced by development projects is difficult to locate, and all figures must be taken as indicative rather than definitive. is drawn from diverse sources that have attempted to quantify national, development-caused resettlement. In sum, a worldwide estimate of some one to two million people per year (Cemea 1990) is not unreasonable. Rising populations, growing economies, and increasing land scarcity ensure that in coming decades, the numbers of people displaced by planned infrastructural development will continue to rise.

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