Franklin Ng - Asian American Issues Relating to Labor, Economics, and Socioeconomic Status

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Asians in America

The Peoples of East, Southeast, and South Asia in American Life and Culture

Series Editor

Franklin Ng

California State University Fresno

A GARLAND SERIES

Contents of the Series

1. The History and Immigration of Asian Americans

2. Asian American Family Life and Community

3. Asian American Women and Gender

4. Adaptation, Acculturation, and Transnational Ties Among Asian Americans

5. Asian American Interethnic Relations and Politics

6. Asian American Issues Relating to Labor, Economics, and Socioeconomic Status

Asian American Issues Relating to Labor, Economics, and Socioeconomic Status

Edited with introductions by

Franklin Ng

California State University Fresno

First published by Garland Publishing, Inc

This edition published 2013 by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Introductions copyright 1998 Franklin Ng. All rights reserved.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Asian American issues relating to labor, economics, and socioeconomic status / edited with introductions by Franklin Ng.

p. cm. (Asians in America ; 6)

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 0-8153-2695-5 (v. 6: alk. paper). ISBN 0-8153-2689-0 (6 vol. set : alk. paper)

1. Asian AmericansEconomic conditions. 2. Asian AmericansSocial conditions. 3. Asian AmericansEmployment. I. Ng, Franklin, 1947. II. Series.

E184.O6A829 1998

330.973008995dc21

98-14135

CIP

SET ISBN	9780815326892	ASIANS IN AMERICAN LIFE (SET)
POD ISBN	9780415895460
Vol1	9780815326908	HIST & IMMIGRATION ASIAN
Vol2	9780815326915	ASIAN AMER FAMILY LIFE V2
Vol3	9780815326922	ASIAN AMER WOMEN & GENDER
Vol4	9780815326939	ADAPTATION ACCULTURA V4
Vol5	9780815326946	ASIAN AMER INTERETHNIC V5
Vol6	9780815326953	ASIAN AMER ISSUE LABOR V6

Contents

Chris Friday

Eui Hang Shin and Kyung-Sup Chang

Mark Moberg and J. Stephen Thomas

Steve Gold and Nazli Kibria

Pyong Gap Min

Bernard Wong

Jeremy Hein

Amado Cabezas, Larry Hajime Shinagawa, and Gary Kawaguchi

Victor Nee and Jimy Sanders

Morrison G. Wong

Dean S. Toji and James H. Johnson

Sharon M. Lee

As the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population since the mid-1960s, Asian Americans encompass Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Filipinos, Asian Indians, Pakistanis, Sri Lankans, Bangladeshis, Vietnamese, Lao, Hmong, Cambodians, Iu-Mien, and others. Their remarkably diverse ethnic, social, historical, and religious backgrounds and experiences enrich the cultural fabric of the United States. The study of Asian Americans offers many insights on such issues as immigration, refugee policy, transnationalism, return migration, cultural citizenship, ethnic communities, community building, identity and group formation, panethnicity, race relations, gender and class, entrepreneurship, employment, representation, politics, adaptation, and acculturation.

This collection of articles presents contemporary research that examines such issues as the growing political power of Asian Americans, the empowerment of emigrant women, the rise of youth gangs, relations between ethnic groups, the migration of highly educated Asians, and other important subjects. The writings are drawn from a wide variety of disciplines to provide a broad but informative array of insights on this fascinating and diverse population. The volumes give in-depth exposure to important issues linked to the different communities and impart a greater understanding of the Asian Americans in the United States.

This series consists of six volumes, and its coverage cuts across many disciplines. The first volume focuses on the history and immigration of Asian Americans. The second volume treats various themes relating to Asian American family life and community. The third volume is complementary and considers vital issues pertaining to Asian American women and gender. A fourth volume explores the processes of adaptation and acculturation, as well as the continuing significance of transnational ties for Asian Americans. The fifth volume addresses the complex subject of interethnic relations and Asian American politics. Finally, the last volume examines issues associated with labor, employment, entrepeneurship, enclave economies, and socioeconomic status.

In preparing this anthology, I have had help from many individuals. I would especially like to acknowledge assistance from Leo Balk, Paul Finkelman, and Carole Puccino. Their patience, encouragement, and guidance helped to ensure the success of this project.

In their history, Asian Americans have been seen more as victims than as agents and actors. Because of nativism, xenophobia, and racism, Asians in the United States were perceived to be unfair competitors. Whether because they were the pawns of capitalists, strikebreakers, or contract laborers, Asian Americans were attacked as being the enemies of workers, labor unions, and a free society. Until recently, such criticisms provided a rationale for discriminatory laws and the exclusion of Asians from the United States.

Nonetheless, in the cauldron of American race relations, there have been new conflicts with Asian Americans. African Americans have sometimes complained that Asian Americans are exploiting their communities in the inner cities. Labor unions say that Asian American seamsters are undercutting other factories that provide unionized wages. Still others complain that the Southeast Asians are eroding the quality of economic life by their competition and willingness to work for lower wages.

The essays in this volume deal with issues of labor, economics, and socioeconomic status as they relate to Asian Americans. On the whole, there have been relatively few studies about Asian American labor. Past studies tended to portray Asian Americans as the victims in anti-Asian movements. Chris Friday provides a useful and insightful survey of the literature treating Asian American labor. The arrival of Southeast Asian refugees since the end of the Vietnam War has led to a reexamination of the place of Asians in the American labor market. Mark Moberg and J. Stephen Thomas examine how Southeast Asians are distributed in the seafood processing industry in the Gulf of Mexico. Steven J. Gold and Nazli Kibria note that Asian Americans are perceived to be a model minority, but the Vietnamese are finding that their economic opportunities are limited. Jeremy Hein points out that government policies have reproduced a middleman minority role for the Indochinese Chinese. In their adaptation to the United States, the ethnic Chinese refugees from Indochina have assumed an intermediary social service role with their Vietnamese, Laotian, and Cambodian counterparts.

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