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Asian Development Bank - Facilitating Safe Labor Migration in the Greater Mekong Subregion

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The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Economic Cooperation Program has adopted a multisector approach to economic corridor development, requiring multisector investments, increased inter-sector coordination, and enhanced knowledge platform. An area of concern is facilitating safe labor migration. This report, prepared by the International Organization for Migration and funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), highlights issues on labor migration in the GMS and offers recommendations toward increasing social protection for migrants, strengthening capacity and legal framework, and enhancing knowledge management mechanisms. The report provided inputs into the formulation of a new strategic framework and action plan for the human resource development sector.

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Facilitating Safe Labor Migration in the Greater Mekong Subregion Issues - photo 1
Facilitating Safe Labor Migration in the Greater Mekong Subregion
Issues, Challenges, and Forward-Looking Interventions
2013 Asian Development Bank
All rights reserved. Published in 2013.
Printed in the Philippines.
ISBN 978-92-9254-020-3 (Print), 978-92-9254-021-0 (PDF)
Publication Stock No. RPT135586-2
Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Asian Development Bank.
Facilitating safe labor migration in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Issues, challenges, and forward-looking interventions.
Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2013.
1. Labor migration. 2. Human resource development. 3. Greater Mekong Subregion. I. Asian Development Bank.
The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.
ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use.
By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term country in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB.
Photos on cover were taken from the ADB photo archive.
Note:
In this publication, $ refers to US dollars.
Asian Deveopment Bank
6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City
1550 Metro Manila, Philippines
Tel +63 2 632 4444
Fax +63 2 636 2444
www.adb.org
For orders, please contact:
Department of External Relations
Fax +63 2 636 2648
Contents
List of Tables and Figures
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Executive Summary
Introduction
Stock, Flows, and Patterns
Driving Forces
Migrant Categories and Sectors of Activity
Internal Migration
Border Mobility
Extra GMS Migration
Economic Role of Labor Migration
Issues
Economic Integration and Labor Mobility
Irregular Migration
Rights and Protection of Migrant Workers
Knowledge Gap
Partnerships and Legal Framework of Migration in the GMS
Regional Cooperation and Networking Programs
National Legal Framework to Manage Migration
Recommendations and Ideas Toward Strengthening Subregional Approaches
References
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
Migration Stock in the Greater Mekong Subregion
Main Demographic and Economic Indicators for the Greater Mekong Subregion Countries
Characteristics of Migration Flows in the Greater Mekong Subregion
Number of Workers Deployed, by Destination, 2010
Figures
Migration Flows and Stocks in the Greater Mekong Subregion
Relationship between Development, Aging, and Migration in the Greater Mekong Subregion
Demographic Profiles of the Greater Mekong Subregion and Possible Evolution until 2050
Registered Migrant Workers (2010) in Thailand by Sector
Acknowledgments
This report is a product of the continuing collaborative partnership between the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Under a regional technical assistance on Support for Regional Multisector Investment Framework for Greater Mekong Subregion, ADB commissioned IOM to review the trends and patterns of labor migration in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) and contribute to the dialogue process that would look at labor migration as contributing to and resulting from the regional integration dynamics in the GMS.
The report also incorporates inputs and insights from an expert-level workshop attended by academics and civil society organizations and international organizations, as well as country and regional consultations under the auspices of the GMS Working Group on Human Resource Development.
Olivier Ferrari and Yuko Hamada, IOM, wrote the report, while Pradeep Srivastava, ADB, and Federico Soda, IOM, provided overall guidance and support. IOM missions in the subregion and Leah Gutierrez and her staff at ADB provided constructive comments and suggestions. The production of the report was managed by Flor Melendez and Georginia Nepomuceno.
Abbreviations
ADB
Asian Development Bank
AEC
ASEAN Economic Community
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
COMMIT
Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking
ESCAP
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
EU
European Union
GDP
gross domestic product
GMS
Greater Mekong Subregion
ILO
International Labour Organization
IOM
International Organization for Migration
Lao PDR
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
MOU
memorandum of understanding
NGO
nongovernment organization
PRC
Peoples Republic of China
SSS
social security schemes
UN
United Nations
UNIAP
United Nations Interagency Project on Human Trafficking
UNFPA
United Nations Population Fund
Executive Summary
Migration within the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) can be categorized as international migration, internal migration, and border mobility. Labor migration in the GMS is widespread and concerns at least 3 to 5 million workers. However, a precise estimate is difficult because very little data are available. Thailand is the subregional hub for labor migration and host of 60% of the total migrants, 80% of which are from Myanmar. The bulk of labor migrants work in low-skilled jobs and are irregular workers.
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