Joan McCord - Beyond Empiricism

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Beyond Empiricism

EDITORS

Freda Adler
Rutgers University

William S. Laufer
University of Pennsylvania

EDITORIAL BOARD
Advances in Criminological Theory

Robert Agnew
Emory University

Ko-Lin Chin
Rutgers University

Albert K. Cohen
University of Connecticut

Francis T. Cullen
University of Cincinnati

Simon Dinitz
Ohio State University

Delbert Elliott
University of Colorado

David Farrington
Cambridge University

James O. Finckenauer
Rutgers University

John Laub
University of Maryland

William S. Laufer
University of Pennsylvania

Joan McCord
Temple University

Terrie E. Moffit
University of Wisconsin-Madison

Gerhard O. W. Mueller
Rutgers University

Joan Petersillia
University of California-Irvine

Robert J. Sampson
University of Chicago

Kip Schlegel
Indiana University

Lawrence Sherman
University of Pennsylvania

David Weisburd
Herbrew University

Elmar Weitekamp
University of Tubingen

William Julius Wilson
Harvard University

Advances in Criminological Theory
Volume 13

Institutions and Intentions in the Study of Crime

Beyond
Empiricism

Joan McCord

editor

First published 2004 by Transaction Publishers

Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2004 by Taylor & Francis.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2004043970

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Beyond empiricism : institutions and intentions in the study of crime / Joan
McCord, editor.
p. cm. (Advances in criminological theory ; v. 13)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: 0-7658-0251-1 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Criminal behavior. 2. Criminal psychology. 3. Criminology.
4. CrimeSociological aspects. I. McCord, Joan. II. Series.

HV6080.B45 2004
364.3dc22

2004043970

ISSN: 0894-2366
ISBN 13: 978-0-7658-0251-4 (hbk)

Contents

Joan McCord

Per-Olof H. Wikstrm

David Wolcott and Steven Schlossman

Peter Grabosky

Steven F. Messner and Richard Rosenfeld

Jordan B. Peterson and Matthew S. Shane

Joan McCord

Beyond Empiricism: Institutions and Intentions in the Study of Crime should be seen as an attempt to expand perspectives on criminal behavior. Although a good deal of criminological theory has focused on risk conditions for street crime, little attention has been given to mechanisms of change or choice. This volume directly addresses questions about mechanisms in two chapters and considers change both in terms of policies and behavior. In order to check whether theoretical claims have more than a temporal and parochial presence, they should be evaluated in other times and places. It includes contributions that cross disciplines and national borders. The chapters consider institutional, social, and individual variables related to criminal behavior. Each chapter raises questions about the adequacy of current theoretical claims. The topics have implications both for policy and for research.

Per-Olof Wikstrm, from the University of Cambridge, in England, outlines foundations for a cross-level action theory of crime. He suggests that better understanding of causal mechanisms can lead to a situational theory of action based on perception of alternatives and the process of choice. Wikstrm indicates how proximate individual factors such as morality and self-control, coupled with such environmental factors as temptations, provocations, or deterrence can be integrated to explain what moves people to commit acts of crime.

Historians David Wolcott, from Miami University, and Steven Schlossman, from Carnegie Mellon University, provide new perspectives on racial disparity in the criminal justice system. They studied incarceration of adolescents in adult prisons during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By introducing an historical perspective, these authors are able to negate some popular claims about recent changes in the criminal law.

Peter Grabosky, a professor in the Regulatory Institutions Net-work at the Australian National University, turns a spotlight on privatization policies in the criminal justice system. He suggests a framework for analyzing the balance of advantage resulting from three basic forms of institutional relationships in policing. As Grabosky notes, fiscal constraints on agencies of law enforcement put pressure on them to seek new ways to enhance their resources by harnessing assets and energies from nongovernmental sources.

Steven Messner, from the University at AlbanySUNY, and Richard Rosenfeld, from the University of MissouriSt. Louis, show why they believe institutional analysis has been seriously underdeveloped in etiological analyses of crime. They provide a critical appraisal of the more important macro-level approaches to explaining the causes of crime in sociological criminology and argue that the concept of institutions has not been applied rigorously in any of these approaches. Their chapter illustrates promising issues for a distinctively institutional analysis of crime. In it, the authors discuss some of the more important challenges that must be met if criminological theory is to be more fully institutionalized.

Jordan Pederson and Matthew Shane, psychologists at the University of Toronto in Canada, scrutinize the concept of aggression, reminding readers of our animal natures as they describe a theory of differentiated aggression. Their descriptions of aggressive behavior among non-human animals provide a fascinating backdrop for understanding human actions. The authors suggest that greater attention should be given to the endogenous opiate system that has apparently come to govern more than reaction to aversive sensory stimulus in the course of mammalian evolution.

In the final chapter, I emphasize the intentionality of crimes. I argue that to understand what causes crime one must both have a theory about what it means to act intentionally and understand why criminals take the reasons they do to be reasons for their action. After critically appraising prior theories, I introduce and defend a theory of motivation based on a post-empiricist theory of language.

Joan McCord
September 2003

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