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Sigrid Schmalzer - Red Revolution, Green Revolution: Scientific Farming in Socialist China

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Sigrid Schmalzer Red Revolution, Green Revolution: Scientific Farming in Socialist China
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In 1968, the director of USAID coined the term green revolution to celebrate the new technological solutions that promised to ease hunger around the worldand forestall the spread of more red, or socialist, revolutions. Yet in China, where modernization and scientific progress could not be divorced from politics, green and red revolutions proceeded side by side. In Red Revolution, Green Revolution, Sigrid Schmalzer explores the intersection of politics and agriculture in socialist China through the diverse experiences of scientists, peasants, state agents, and educated youth. The environmental costs of chemical-intensive agriculture and the human costs of emphasizing increasing production over equitable distribution of food and labor have been felt as strongly in China as anywhereand yet, as Schmalzer shows, Mao-era challenges to technocracy laid important groundwork for todays sustainability and food justice movements. This history of scientific farming in China offers us a unique opportunity not only to explore the consequences of modern agricultural technologies but also to engage in a necessary rethinking of fundamental assumptions about science and society.

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Red Revolution Green Revolution Published with support of the Susan E Abrams - photo 1
Red Revolution, Green Revolution

Published with support of the Susan E. Abrams Fund

Red Revolution, Green Revolution
Scientific Farming in Socialist China

SIGRID SCHMALZER

The University of Chicago Press

CHICAGO & LONDON

Sigrid Schmalzer is associate professor of history at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. She is the author of The Peoples Peking Man, also published by the University of Chicago Press, and coeditor of Visualizing Modern China.

The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637

The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London

2016 by The University of Chicago

All rights reserved. Published 2016.

Printed in the United States of America

25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 1 2 3 4 5

ISBN -13: 978-0-226-33015-0 (cloth)

ISBN -13: 978-0-226-33029-7 (e-book)

DOI : 10.7208/chicago/9780226330297.001.0001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Schmalzer, Sigrid, author.

Red revolution, green revolution : scientific farming in socialist China / Sigrid Schmalzer.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-226-33015-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-226-33029-7 (e-book) 1. Communism and agriculture. 2. Agriculture and stateChina. I. Title.

HX 550. A 37 S 36 2016

338.1851dc23

2015017858

This paper meets the requirements of ANSI / NISO Z 39.481992 (Permanence of Paper).

In memory of my father, Victor Schmalzer (19412015)

Contents

Pigs Are Fertilizer Factories as well as Treasure Bowls

Fertilizing the Cotton Fields

Spraying insecticide by airplane

Enemies and Friends in the Vegetable Garden

Self-Reliance; Practice Scientific Research with Diligence and Frugality

Eight-Character Charter, 1959

The Eight-Character Charter for Agriculture Is Best, 1974

Chinese graduate students in entomology, University of Minnesota

Pu Zhelong and Li Cuiying

Displaying ducks at Big Sand Commune

Pu Zhelong playing the violin

Pu Zhelong at Big Sand Commune

Yuan Longping

The three-line method of producing hybrid rice

Yuan Longping with his violin

From the Garden of the Middle Kingdom (three film stills)

The University Has Moved to Our Mountain Village

Scientific Farming

Old Party Secretary

Young men handling insecticides

Cheng Youzhi researching the use of sterility in wheat

Cultivate Meticulously

Lin Chao learning from an old peasant

The Future Countryside

The layered history of an educated youth

Pu Zhelong with youth at Big Sand Commune

1971 conference on agricultural scientific experiment in Xin County, Shanxi

Emptying Out, the Suffering of the Countryside

Thanks to Wufeng, I Learned Scientific Breeding

Local chickens in Huarun Baise Hope Town

Beyond these concerns lies a more general and less well-recognized problem produced by, and implicit in the very concept of, the green revolution. It is the problem of how to understand the relationship between science and technology on one hand and sociopolitical transformation on the other. Does science offer an alternative to political solutions for the worlds problems, as the US architects of green revolution intended? Or is science inseparable from its political context, as Marxists have long argued and scholars in the field of science and technology studies continue to maintain?

The history of the green revolution as it unfolded in socialist-era China represents a critical piece of the puzzle we must assemble to address these and other pressing questions about our common future. New agricultural technologies have been of central importance in the transformation of Chinas Moreover, it facilitates a needed critique of the fundamental assumptions about science and society that undergirded the green revolution, and that continue to undergird the dominant political ideology of the world today.

The goal of this book is to bring into view Chinas unique intersection of red and green revolutions. Socialist Chinese agricultural science will not serve as a model: it is always important to exercise caution when looking to history for models, and socialist China offers perhaps even more than the usually large set of complications found in any real society. But neither will it be merely a cautionary example: the Mao era was not the simple picture of totalitarian oppression and ecological disaster that is presented in many accounts available in English. Rather, in this book socialist Chinese agricultural science will be called upon to challenge dominant assumptions about what constitutes science, how science relates to politics, who counts as a scientific authority, and how agriculture should be organized or transformed. In the process of stretching our minds to grasp the different answers to these questions offered by socialist Chinese history, along with the limits and consequences of those answers, we will be better able to think critically and inspirationally about the prospects for agriculture and science in our own times and places.

Revolutions, Red and Green

In 1968 the director of the US Agency for International Development (USAID), William Gaud, coined the term green revolution. He said:

Record yields, harvests of unprecedented size and crops now in the ground demonstrate that throughout much of the developing worldand particularly in Asiawe are on the verge of an agricultural revolution.... It is not a violent Red Revolution like that of the Soviets, nor is it a White Revolution like that of the Shah of Iran. I call it the Green Revolution.

The significance was not lost on observers in China, where Mao Zedong had brought a red revolution to victory in 1949, and where, still under his leadership, an even more tumultuous transformation had begun under the banner of Cultural Revolution (19661976). In 1969, Peoples Daily bemoaned the pursuit of green revolution in India, defining it as the so-called agricultural revolution that the reactionary Indian government is using to hoodwink the people. The article made clear just why the green revolution represented a reactionary choice: the Indian Minister of Food and Agriculture had reportedly cried out in alarm that if the green revolution... does not succeed, a red revolution will follow.

Does this mean that socialist China opposed the new technologies of the green revolution or agricultural modernization more generally? No. Contrary to common perception, even the most radical leaders in socialist China embraced the causes of science and modernization, and so in some important ways, the green revolution in red China looked strikingly similar to the green revolution as Gaud imagined it. The goal there as elsewhere was to transform the material conditions of agriculture through mechanization, the introduction of new seeds, and the application of modern chemicals in order to increase production and raise standards of living. The organization of these efforts in China was shaped in part by Soviet experience: Soviet advice influenced much of socialist Chinas 1950s work in science and economic development.

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