Progressive Management - Active Shooters: Is Law Enforcement Ready for a Mumbai Style Attack? Columbine Massacre, Klebold and Harris, Virginia Polytechnic, Gabrielle Giffords, Aurora Colorado, Beslan Massacre

Active Shooters: Is Law Enforcement Ready fora Mumbai Style Attack? Columbine Massacre, Klebold and Harris,Virginia Polytechnic, Gabrielle Giffords, Aurora Colorado, BeslanMassacre

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Progressive Management

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CONTENTS

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NavalPostgraduate School

Monterey, California

Joel M. Justice

September 2013

Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited

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ABSTRACT

Between April 16, 2007, and December 14,2012, the United States has seen 25 mass shootings, seven of whichoccurred in 2012. A report by United States Department of HomelandSecurity, in 2009, suggested that the United States will be thetarget of a terrorist act that could cause a high number ofcasualties.

The November 26, 2008, attack on Mumbai is atransparent example of how determined terrorists, trained to diefighting, can bring a large metropolitan city to its knees. It isentirely probable that Mumbai-type attacks could occur in theUnited States. Since the local law enforcement respond to attacksin progress, any active shooter event would be handled by the localjurisdiction. Many law enforcement agencies have begun toincorporate tactical plans to respond to Mumbai-type terroristattacks.

This thesis focused on police preparedness ofselect large metropolitan law enforcement agencies for potentialMumbai-type terrorist attacks. A comparative analysis of thesepolice agencies was conducted, which showed that the frequency oftraining was found to be varying and inadequate by these agencies.A similar concern was that none of the agencies had equipped allthe police officers with rifles, which were deemed critical toengage well-equipped active shooters.

It is the conclusion of the thesis that gapsin preparedness exist and law enforcement organizations have roomfor improvement. It was also concluded that agencies need toenhance communication capability between neighboring jurisdictionsand focus on triage of the victims during the early stages ofattacks when medical personnel would be unable to approach.

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CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION

A. HYPOTHESIS

B. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

C. METHODOLOGY

D. DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER II - LITERATURE REVIEW

A. INTRODUCTION

B. ACTIVE SHOOTER

C. CONCLUSION

CHAPTER III - CASE STUDIES

A. INTRODUCTION

B. DOMESTIC ACTIVE SHOOTER INCIDENTS

NORTH HOLLYWOOD BANK ROBBERY AND SHOOTOUT

C. COLUMBINE MASSACRE

D. VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATEUNIVERSITY

E. GABRIELLE GIFFORDS

F. AURORA COLORADO SHOOTING

G. MULTIPLE ACTIVE SHOOTERS

1. Beslan Russia School Massacre

2. Mumbai Terrorist Attack

H. CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER IV - COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THELEVEL OF PREPAREDNESS OF SELECT LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

A. INTRODUCTION

B. POLICY OF THE LOS ANGELES POLICEDEPARTMENT

C. INTERVIEWS WITH LOS ANGELES POLICEDEPARTMENT

D. POLICY OF THE LAS VEGAS METROPOLITANPOLICE DEPARTMENT

E. INTERVIEWS WITH THE LAS VEGAS METROLITANPOLICE DEPARTMENT

F. POLICY OF CHICAGO POLICE DEPARTMENT

G. INTERVIEWS WITH CHICAGO POLICEDEPARTMENT

H. POLICY OF NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT

I. INTERVIEW WITH NEW YORK POLICEDEPARTMENT

J. CONCLUSION

CHAPTER V - ANALYSIS

A. INTRODUCTION

B. COMMUNICATION

C. COMMAND AND CONTROL

D. TRAINING

E. MEDICAL ISSUES

F. CONCLUSION

CHAPTER VI - RECOMMENDATIONS/CONCLUSION

A. INTRODUCTION

B. RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Training

2. Communications

3. Equipment

4. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

C. CONCLUSION

LIST OF REFERENCES

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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ALERRT Advanced Law Enforcement RapidResponse Training

ASIP Active Shooter Incident Plan

CIA Central Intelligence Agency

CPD Chicago Police Department

CPR Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

CTCIB Counter Terrorism and CriticalIntelligence Bureau

DHS Department of Homeland Security

EMS Emergency Medical Services

FDNY Fire Department New York

GPS Global Positioning Device

HLS Homeland Security

HLEC High Level Enquiry Committee

HSPD Homeland Security PresidentialDirective

IARD Immediate Action Rapid Deployment

ICS Incident Command System

IED Improvised Explosive Device

LAFD Los Angeles Fire Department

LAPD Los Angeles Police Department

LeT Lashkar-e-Taiba

LVMPD Las Vegas Metropolitan PoliceDepartment

MACTAC Multi-Assault Counter TerrorismCapabilities

NIMS National Incident Management System

NRF National Response Framework

NYPD New York Police Department

OEMC Office of Emergency Management andCommunications

RACR Real-Time Analysis and Critical ResponseDivision

RAND Research and Development Corporation

SWAT Special Weapons and Tactics

UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

U.S. United States

WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am honored for the opportunity to be partof this elite educational program and to have been selected tostudy with the caliber of people, both instructors and fellowclassmates, associated with this program. I would like to thank myadvisors, Dr. David Brannan and Pat Miller, for their insight,guidance and encouragement. I would like to thank the Los AngelesPolice Department, specifically Chief of Police Charlie Beck,Assistant Chief Sandy Jo MacArthur, and Police Administrator Ms.Rhonda Sims-Lewis for allowing me to attend the Naval PostgraduateSchool and for their support while I was away from work. To Dr.Sean Malinowski, thank you for your friendship and encouragement.To Dr. Sunil Dutta, thank you for your dedication, guidance,encouragement and friendship throughout this program; you haveassisted me more than you will ever know. To Diljeet Singh, thankyou for your tireless efforts and assistance while I was away. Tonumerous colleagues and friends who were constantly encouraging methrough this period of my life.