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Independent India, 19472000

Independent India, 19472000

Wendy Singer

First published 2012 by Pearson Education Limited

Published 2014 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2012, Taylor & Francis.

The right of Wendy Singer to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

ISBN 13: 978-0-582-41494-5 (pbk)

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A CIP catalogue record for this book can be obtained from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Singer, Wendy.

Independent India, 1947-2000 / Wendy Singer.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-582-41494-5 (pbk.)

1. India--History--1947---Textbooks 2. India--Politics and government--1947---Textbooks. I. Title.

DS480.84.S5473 2012

954.04--dc23

2011027676

Set by 35 in 10/13.5pt Berkeley Book

Introduction to the series

History is narrative constructed by historians from traces left by the past. Historical enquiry is often driven by contemporary issues and, in consequence, historical narratives are constantly reconsidered, reconstructed and reshaped. The fact that different historians have different perspectives on issues means that there is also often controversy and no universally agreed version of past events. Seminar Studies was designed to bridge the gap between current research and debate, and the broad, popular general surveys that often date rapidly.

The volumes in the series are written by historians who are not only familiar with the latest research and current debates concerning their topic, but who have themselves contributed to our understanding of the subject. The books are intended to provide the reader with a clear introduction to a major topic in history. They provide both a narrative of events and a critical analysis of contemporary interpretations. They include the kinds of tools generally omitted from specialist monographs: a chronology of events, a glossary of terms and brief biographies of whos who. They also include bibliographical essays in order to guide students to the literature on various aspects of the subject. Students and teachers alike will fi nd that the selection of documents will stimulate discussion and offer insight into the raw materials used by historians in their attempt to understand the past.

Clive Emsley and Gordon Martel

Series Editors

Dedicated to Aaron and Elizabeth Lynn

Contents

I began this book in the Cambridge University library in 2004, when I was a By-Fellow at Churchill College and so it benefited from the time I spent with South Asia colleagues, such as Priyavada Gopal, Christopher Bayly, and Raj Chandravarkar (who we sadly lost two years later) and the other fellows and administrators at Churchill. In addition I am grateful for comments on chapters early on from Shuchi Kapila and Meena Khandelwal. Also I had useful feedback from former students, Richa Jha and Elizabeth Beckman, who read portions of this and a series of HIST 156 History of India classes at Kenyon College, who tested it out. Special thanks are due to Christopher V. Hill, Dana Lightstone Bernstein, and Kailash Chandra Jha, who were all kind enough to read through the manuscript and make valuable suggestions. Also editors at Pearson Longman provided careful reading and essential feedback.

I had support from Kenyon College for travel and research in India and, through Kenyon, from the National Endowment for Humanities.

Finally, I am grateful for the patience of my family and, particularly, David Lynn throughout this process.

We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material.

Documents

from Narasimha Rao, P.V., Ayodhya 6 December 1992, Viking, (2006), pp. 1556, 159, 165.

Maps

from The World Factbook 2009. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2009.

Picture Credits

The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs:

Plate 1 Copyright image courtesy of Tyeb Mehta Foundation, Mumbai, India. Image reproduced with kind permission by the Estate of Tyeb Mehta c/o Vadehra Art Gallery; Plate 4 Copyright 19962010, Kamats Potpourri. All Rights Reserved; Plate 5 FLC/ADAGP, Paris and DACS, London 2011; Plate 6 from The Times of India, Copyright 2011, Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. All Rights Reserved; Plate 7 from the National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi.

Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders and we apologise in advance for any unintentional omissions. We would be pleased to insert the appropriate acknowledgment in any subsequent edition of this publication.

1947	(15 August) Independence, Nehru becomes the first prime minister
1947	Mass migrations as a result of Partition (from 10 to 20 million people displaced)
1947	(October) Maharaja of Kashmir Accedes to India
1947	(November) Nizam of Hyderabad signs Standstill Agreement with Government of India.
1948	(30 January) Mahatma Gandhis assassination
1948	Indian Army forces accession of Hyderabad
1948	Government revives production of documentaries and newsreels under its own film division
1949	(1 January) UN monitored cease-fire in Jammu and Kashmir, after 15-month war with Pakistan.
1950	(26 January) Constitution of India enacted
1950	(March) Planning Commission established to advance economic development
1951	(March) First Asian Games held at New Delhi (11 nations attended)

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