Laura M. Chmielewski - Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet: Exploration, Encounter, and the French New World

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JACQUES MARQUETTE AND LOUIS JOLLIET

In this succinct dual biography, Laura Chmielewski demonstrates how the lives of two French explorersJacques Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, and Louis Jolliet, a fur trapperreveal the diverse world of early America. Following the explorers' epic journey through the center of the American continent, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet combines a story of discovery and encounter with the insights derived from recent historical scholarship. The story provides perspective on the different methods and goals of colonization and the role of Native Americans as active participants in this complex and uneven process.

Laura M. Chmielewski is Associate Professor of History at the State University of New York at Purchase.

ROUTLEDGE HISTORICAL AMERICANS

SERIES EDITOR: PAUL FINKELMAN

Routledge Historical Americans is a series of short, vibrant biographies that illuminate the lives of Americans who have had an impact on the world. Each book includes a short overview of the persons life and puts that person into historical context through essential primary documents, written both by the subjects and about them. A series website supports the books, containing extra images and documents, links to further research, and where possible, multi-media sources on the subjects. Perfect for including in any course on American History, the books in the Routledge Historical Americans series show the impact everyday people can have on the course of history.

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Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet: Exploration, Encounter, and the French New World

Laura M. Chmielewski

JACQUES MARQUETTE AND LOUIS JOLLIET

EXPLORATION, ENCOUNTER, AND THE FRENCH NEW WORLD

LAURA M. CHMIELEWSKI

First published 2018

by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

and by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2018 Taylor & Francis

The right of Laura M. Chmielewski to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Chmielewski, Laura M., author.

Title: Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet : exploration, encounter and the French new world / by Laura M. Chmielewski.

Description: New York : Routledge, 2017. |

Series: Routledge historical Americans | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017028225 (print) | LCCN 2017031056 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315747354 (ebook) | ISBN 9781138814561 (alk. paper)Subjects: LCSH: Marquette, Jacques, 1637-1675. | Joliet, Louis, 1645-1700. | Mississippi River ValleyDiscovery and exploration--French. | Mississippi River ValleyHistoryTo 1803. | ExplorersMississippi River ValleyBiography. | ExplorersAmericaBiography. | ExplorersFranceBiography. | CanadaHistoryTo 1763 (New France)

Classification: LCC F352 (ebook) | LCC F352 .C48 2017 (print) | DDC 910.92/2dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017028225

ISBN: 978-1-138-81456-1 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-138-81458-5 (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-74735-4 (ebk)

Typeset in Minion Pro

by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India

Visit the companion website: www.routledge.com/cw/historicalamericans

For Randall Millermentor, inspiration, and friendand Herman and Maria Eberhardt, my partners in exploration, encounter, and life.

CONTENTS

Chapter 4 Encountering Europeans: Native
Americans and Newcomers in the Late-Seventeenth Century Mississippi Valley

The Indians called the newcomer Black Robe or Black Gown, or so were told. The names reflected the fact that the Frenchman who stood before them wore a cassocka long robe made of black clothan article of clothing that few if any of the Indians had ever seen. To the Frenchman, the cassock, or soutane in his native French, was an important marker of his identity as a Catholic priest. But the robe likely seemed impractical to Indian observers, who might have wondered why anyone would wear such a heavy, cumbersome thing that limited the ability to hunt, to dance, to catch fish, or to lounge by the banks of the mighty river on the hottest days.

While the mans clothes made little sense, there were good reasons for the Indians to welcome him. He was calm and spoke some words of their language. He knew the basic gestures of Indian diplomacy. He brought presents and listened politely to speeches. He had beads bearing a symbol they had seen before. And he resembled other men they had seen before, who came from far away and had hair on their faces and their bodies fully covered and a strange way of speaking. Still, these strangers had brought interesting goods and offers of alliances to help the Indians with their enemies. Was the Black Gown like the few, random others who had passed through the village in recent decades, who stayed for only a little while but promised more attractive goods and made interesting speeches about the heavens? Assuming the answer was yes, the Indians welcomed Father Jacques Marquette.

The Black Gown did not come alone. Accompanying him were other men who also had hairy faces (which the Indians considered extremely ugly) and the priests same strange way of speaking. But at least their habits and way of dressing were more comprehensible. These Indians might have seen them before, in the form of men with pale skin who hunted alone and at times came to live in Native American villages. As the Indians themselves sometimes did, they wore skins to protect their bodies, even though doing so when the hot sun beat down on them seemed odd when nudity was so much more comfortable. The leader of these hairy menthe one who spoke for the other strangers and communicated with the Black Gown and seemed somewhat more comprehensible with the Indianswas Louis Jolliet.

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