The State and Underdevelopment in Spanish America
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The State and Underdevelopment in Spanish America
The Political Roots of Dependency in Peru and Argentina
Douglas Friedman
First published 1984 by Westview Press, Inc.
Published 2019 by Routledge
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Copyright 1984 Taylor & Francis
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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 84-50658
ISBN 13: 978-0-367-29631-5 (hbk)
About the Book and Author
The State and Underdevelopment in Spanish America: The Political Roots of Dependency in Peru and Argentina
Douglas Friedman
Challenging the dependency theory approach to the origin of underdevelopment in Spanish America, this book argues that internal political and economic factors led the nations of the region to become dependent and underdeveloped during the nineteenth century. Dr. Friedman focuses on Peru and Argentina in the aftermath of their wars of independence to show how underdevelopment and dependency resulted from a crisis of the state brought about by the loss of legitimacy of Spanish colonial rule.
Class conflicts had been effectively managed by the colonial state; its collapse, Dr. Friedman demonstrates, created conditions of intense inter- and intra-class conflicts, chiefly political in nature, which weak post-independence governments found impossible to restrain. Left with little authority, legitimacy, or control over internal resources, the fledging Peruvian and Argentine states turned to external sources for the capabilities with which to begin the process of consolidating their internal power. By the last half of the nineteenth century, both Peru and Argentina had chosen a course that led to their integration into the international economy as dependent nations.
Douglas Friedman is assistant professor of political science at the College of Charleston in Charleston, South Carolina.
For Virginia and Malachy
Contents
- PART ONE
DEPENDENCY, COLONIALISM, AND CRISIS - PART TWO
THE STATE ORIGINS OF DEPENDENCY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY PERU AND ARGENTINA
Any work of this kind is rarely the result of individual effort alone. Intellectual and personal debts are incurred all along the way and, while I of course accept full responsibility for the finished product, I would like to mention some of those who consciously or unconsciously have had a part in this work.
Although I have been highly critical of the dependencia approach, the works of Andre Gunder Frank and Fernando Henrique Cardoso have had and continue to have a powerful influence on my thinking. Anyone interested in economic and political development in the Third World must first come to grips with their important theses. I am also deeply indebted to authors such as Nicos Poulantzas, Hal Draper, Erik Olin Wright and Alan Wblfe whose works on the Marxist theory of the state have informed the theoretical sections of this book.
An earlier version of this work (my doctoral dissertation) received stimulating and helpful criticism from my teachers and fellow students at the City University of New York. I would in particular like to thank Lenny Markovitz, Ken Erickson, Ralph della Cava, Mel Redman, Mesfin Araya, Hobart Spalding and Ben Rivi in for their support and encouragement.
Dean Birkenkamp and Victoria Yogman at Westview's Replica department could not have been more supportive. Any improvement in the readability of the text is a result of their editing and their attempt to teach me how to write clearly. Unfortunately I learn somewhat slowly and thus any lack of clarity is a result of my own stubborness.
Vincent Gilchrist, who did the word processing, deserves special thanks for easing my anxieties about using this new technology. However, I don't think I am yet ready to discard my trusty typewriter.
Virginia has had to suffer through the writing and re-writing of this book twice now and again I would like to let her know that those who do not type also serve. Her support made this task so much easier. Even little Malachy played his partfor everyone needs pleasant distractions!
Douglas Friedman
Part One
Dependency, Colonialism, and Crisis
1
Spanish American Underdevelopment: Dependency Theory, the State, and Class Conflict
In the late nineteenth century, the Spanish American countries emerged from a period of relative economic stagnation or decline and almost constant civil war into a period of economic growth and relative political stability, Economically, this period was characterized by the emergence of "classic export economies" in which agro/mineral products were exchanged in international trade for manufactured goods, capital, and Infrastructure investment. Politically, this period was characterized by the emergence of the "oligarchies," small groups of landowners, merchants, urban politicians, bureaucrats, and intellectuals who formed a solid class base for governing, whether in liberal democratic or authoritarian guise.
