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Joey Shi Ruey Long - Safe for Decolonization: The Eisenhower Administration, Britain, and Singapore

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How America left its indelible footprint on the culture and politics of Singapore

In the first decade after World War II, Singapore underwent radical political and socioeconomic changes with the progressive retreat of Great Britain from its Southeast Asian colonial empire. The United States, under the Eisenhower administration, sought to fill the vacuum left by the British retreat and launched into a campaign to shape the emerging Singapore nation-state in accordance with its Cold War policies. Based on a wide array of Chinese- and English-language archival sources from Great Britain, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the United States, Safe for Decolonization examines in depth the initiatives--both covert and public--undertaken by the United States in late-colonial Singapore.

Apart from simply analyzing the effect of American activities on the politics of the island, author S. R. Joey Long also examines their impact on the relationship between Great Britain and the United States, and how the Anglo-American nuclear policy toward China and the establishment of a regional security institution (the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) affected the security and decolonization of a strategic British base.

Long sketches a highly detailed and nuanced account of the relations between the United States, Great Britain, and Singapore. He not only describes the often clumsy attempts by covert American operatives to sway top political leaders, infiltrate governments, influence labor unions, and shape elections, but he also shows how Eisenhowers public initiatives proved to have far-reaching positive results and demonstrates that the Eisenhower administrations policies toward Singapore, while not always well advised, nonetheless helped to lay the foundation for friendly Singapore-U.S. relations after 1960.

As the first multi-archival work on the U.S. intervention in Singapore, Safe for Decolonization makes an important contribution to the literature on Southeast Asia-U.S. relations. It will be of interest to specialists in decolonization, diplomatic history, modern Southeast Asian history, and the history of the early Cold War.

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Safe for DecolonizationNEW STUDIES IN US FOREIGN RELATIONS Mary Ann Heiss - photo 1
Safe for Decolonization
NEW STUDIES IN U.S. FOREIGN RELATIONS
Mary Ann Heiss, editor
The Birth of Development: How the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization Changed the World, 19451965
AMY L. S. STAPLES
Colombia and the United States: The Making of an Inter-American Alliance, 19391960
BRADLEY LYNN COLEMAN
NATO and the Warsaw Pact: Intrabloc Conflicts
EDITED BY MARY ANN HEISS AND S. VICTOR PAPACOSMA
Caution and Cooperation: The American Civil War in British-American Relations
PHILIP E. MYERS
The Will to Believe: Woodrow Wilson, World War I, and Americas Strategy for Peace and Security
ROSS A. KENNEDY
Leading Them to the Promised Land: Woodrow Wilson, Covenant Theology, and the Mexican Revolution, 19131915
MARK BENBOW
Modernity and National Identity in the United States and East Asia, 18951919
CAROL C. CHIN
Seeing Drugs: Modernization, Counterinsurgency, and U.S. Narcotics Control in the Third World, 19691976
DANIEL WEIMER
Safe for Decolonization: The Eisenhower Administration, Britain, and Singapore
S. R. JOEY LONG
Safe for Decolonization
The Eisenhower Administration,
Britain, and Singapore
Safe for Decolonization The Eisenhower Administration Britain and Singapore - image 2
S. R. J OEY L ONG
The Kent State University Press
Kent, Ohio
2011 by The Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio 44242
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2011000680
ISBN 978-1-60635-086-7
Manufactured in the United States of America
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Long, Joey Shi Ruey.
Safe for decolonization : the Eisenhower administration, Britain,
and Singapore / S.R. Joey Long.
p. cm. (New studies in U.S. foreign relations)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-60635-086-7 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. United StatesForeign relationsSingapore.
2. SingaporeForeign relationsUnited States.
3. United StatesForeign relationsGreat Britain.
4. Great BritainForeign relationsUnited States.
5. United StatesForeign relations19531961.
6. SingaporeHistory19451963. I. Title.
E183.8.S55L66 2011
327.7305957dc22
2011000680
British Library Cataloging-in-Publication data are available.
15 14 13 12 11 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface
On 12 August 1959, the Eisenhower administrations Operations Coordinating Board (OCB), an interagency group coordinating the implementation of U. S. operational plans, urged that American policy toward Singapore be reviewed on an urgent basis. The British colony had been granted internal self-government following a general election on 30 May. What disturbed the American planners was that a leftist political organizationthe Peoples Action Party (PAP)had carried the election. As the majority party in the unicameral parliament, the PAP formed the new government, with its leader, Lee Kuan Yew, becoming prime minister. Maintaining that the PAP was communist infiltrated, American policymakers characterized its electoral victory as significantly adverse to US and free world interests and stated that Singapores transition to self-government had occurred under most unpromising auspices.
Shortly thereafter, Washington acted against the Lee administration. In 1960 and 1961, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) directed efforts to recruit a local intelligence officer to subvert the new government. But the CIA operation failed, and a diplomatic row ensued. Although Washington apologized, the botched CIA business embittered Singaporean leaders. As Lee bitterly exclaimed in a full-throated tirade before a gathering of journalists in 1965 when recalling the debacle: If it had been the Americans in charge [of Singapore], I think today I would not be here, and you would not be interviewing me. Because, they lack what one calls wisdom, i.e. a computer fed with data, judgement which comes out of long experience. If it were the Americans, he continued, they would say, Ah! Commie! Fellow-traveller! Lock him up.
Ironically, Lee would become better known in later years as one of the most ardent Asian supporters of Washingtons involvement in Indochina. Proponents of the war regularly cite his sympathetic speeches to assert that the U.S. intervention in Vietnam was not a travesty. Lees earlier anti-American tirades thus seem a puzzling anomaly. Yet the backdrop to his 1965 outburst has received little scholarly attention.
Juxtaposed to those vast writings, the dearth of scholarship on the American involvement in Singapore is striking. The absence is also surprising. Ho Chi Minh, Norodom Sihanouk, Sukarno, and other colorful Southeast Asian politicians of that period have either passed on or retired from their countries political affairs, but the Singaporean politicians who engaged with the Americans during the 1950s remained influential through the 1990s and beyond. With the PAP entrenched in power since 1959, Lee Kuan Yew continues to serve the government as a senior cabinet member despite stepping down as prime minister in 1990. The scars evidently run deep. Without historical background, then, it is difficult to reconcile the older Lees tendency to extol the virtues of Washingtons engagement with Asia with his simultaneous admonishment of the U.S. propensity to criticize Asian leaders for the way they have governed their countries.
This work puts U.S.-Singapore relations in historical perspective. It focuses on the Eisenhower governments involvement in late-colonial Singapore. The Eisenhower years coincided with Britains decision to progressively devolve power to Singaporeans. Constitutional revisions from 1953 enabled Singapore to gain limited self-government in 1959. Although Britain retained control over the islands external affairs throughout this time, U.S. officials never hesitated to bypass formal diplomatic channels to promote American interests with locals or independently counter leftist influences on the island. This book examines the nature and outcome of the American intervention.
In this volume, I have employed an overarching, multiarchival international history framework to study the subject. I have approached the topic from three perspectives. First, I have examined Washingtons security interests and the nature of its intervention in Singapore. Second, I have looked at the U.S. involvement from the British angle, querying the extent to which UK officials attempted to restrain or encourage the Americans. Third, I have investigated the locals responses to the Americans activities. I have endeavored to accentuate the roles that all concerned actors played in generating expectations and influencing the course of local events. Doing that has required research in many archives internationally, and I have found much to study in the documentary evidence left behind by the agencies and peoples who influenced developments on the island as well as those who observed, aided, or sought to circumscribe the Americans in their endeavors. Where there were gaps in one set of records, another set from a different repository has usually corroborated, elaborated on, or qualified the former source. Access to newly opened and previously neglected primary records from archives in the Netherlands, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States has accordingly helped to develop the narrative and strengthen interpretations.
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