ADVANCE PRAISE FOR
Studies in Generalship
Finkels genuine research thoroughly analyzes one of the most demanding military leadership positions around the world. The decisions and actions of the IDF chief of stafftaken within a complex politico-military sphereexemplify the immense challenges of the senior military echelon in democratic nations. I strongly recommend this book for statesmen, military leaders, and scholars alike.
Lt. Gen. Ehud Barak, former prime minister and minister of defense of Israel and the fourteenth chief of staff of the IDF
Finkel provides a lucid and analytic investigation of the role of the chief of staff of the Israel Defense Forces, enriched by close examinations of key historical moments, such as the Yom Kippur War, the Lebanon Wars, and changes in the Golan Heights associated with the Syrian Civil War. The volume has important lessons for scholars of military history as well as for students of Middle East studies in general.
Russell A. Berman, senior fellow and director, Herbert and Jane Dwight Working Group on the Middle East and the Islamic World, Hoover Institution, and Walter A. Haas Professor in the Humanities, Stanford University
Everybody knows that Israels armed forces have their own peculiar operational style, so that their combat actions, large or small, very often surprise their enemies as well as friends and bystanders. Meir Finkels book has finally uncovered how they actually work, by focusing with great precision on single episodes of generalship. It makes for highly interesting reading.
Edward N. Luttwak, historian, author of Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace, and coauthor of The Israeli Army
With its eminent scholars and world-renowned library and archives, the Hoover Institution seeks to improve the human condition by advancing ideas that promote economic opportunity and prosperity, while securing and safeguarding peace for America and all mankind. The views expressed in its publications are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, officers, or Board of Overseers of the Hoover Institution.
hoover.org
Hoover Institution Press Publication No. 721
Hoover Institution at Leland Stanford Junior University, Stanford, California 94305-6003
Copyright 2021 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. Originally published in Hebrew as HaRamatkal: Mehkar Hashvaati shel Shisha Heibetim Betifkudo shel Mefaked Hatzava (The chief of staff: A comparative study of six aspects of IDF commanders) in 2018 by Modan, MOD, and Maarachot.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher and copyright holders.
For permission to reuse material from Studies in Generalship: Lessons from the Chiefs of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, ISBN 978-0-8179-2475-1, please access copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of uses.
See page 327 for cover photo credits.
First printing 2021
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Manufactured in the United States of America
Printed on acid-free, archival-quality paper
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Finkel, Meir, 1968- author.
Title: Studies in generalship : lessons from the chiefs of staff of the Israel Defense Forces / Meir Finkel ; translated by Moshe Tlamim.
Other titles: Ramakal. English | Hoover Institution Press publication; 721.
Description: Stanford, California : Hoover Institution Press, 2021. | Series: Hoover Institution Press publication ; no. 721 | English translation of: ha-Ramakal. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: The first in-depth comparative study on the role and performance of the Israel Defense Forces chiefs of staff from 1948 to the second decade of the 21st centuryProvided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021017938 (print) | LCCN 2021017939 (ebook) | ISBN 9780817924751 (paperback) | ISBN 9780817924768 (epub) | ISBN 9780817924775 (mobi) | ISBN 9780817924782 (pdf)
Subjects: LCSH: Israel. Tseva haganah le-Yirael. Rosh maeh ha-kelali. | GeneralsIsrael. | Command of troops. | IsraelHistory, Military.
Classification: LCC UB225.I75 F56 2021 (print) | LCC UB225.I75 (ebook) | DDC 355.3/3041dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021017938
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021017939
For my parents, Miriam and Yehuda
CONTENTS
Foreword by H. R. McMaster
Preface to the English Edition
Acknowledgments
Glossary and Abbreviations
Introduction
Identifying Change
David Elazar and the Announcement of the Blue and White Alert, May 1973
Dan Shomron at the Outbreak of the First Intifada, 1987
Amnon Lipkin-Shahak and Hostilities in the Security Zone in Lebanon, 1995
Shaul Mofaz Prior to the Second Intifada, 19992000
Dan Halutz and the Failure to Put the IDF on a War Footing in the Second Lebanon War, 2006
Benny Gantz and the Change in Perception on the Golan Heights, 201113
Chapter Summary
Developing Familiarity with All Military Domains
Yitzhak Rabin and the Plan for Operation Moked in the 1967 Six-Day War
David Elazar and the Tagar and Dugman Plans in the 1973 Yom Kippur War
Rafael Eitan and the Artzav 19 Plan in the 1982 First Lebanon War
Dan Halutz and the Ground Force Plans before the 2006 Second Lebanon War
Chapter Summary
Losing Trust in a Wartime General
The Crisis between Moshe Dayan and Asaf Simhoni in the 1956 Sinai War
The Crisis between David Elazar and Shmuel Gonen in the 1973 Yom Kippur War
The Crisis between Dan Halutz and Udi Adam in the 2006 Second Lebanon War
Chapter Summary
Rehabilitating the Army after a Botched War
Mordechai Gur in the Wake of the Yom Kippur War
Gabi Ashkenazi after the Second Lebanon War
Chapter Summary
Leading a Change in Force Design
Moshe Dayan and the Transformation of the IDFs Fighting Spirit Prior to the Sinai War, 195456
Dan Shomron, Ehud Barak, and the Development of Precision-Guided Munitions for Use against Armored Fighting Vehicles, 198694
Shaul Mofaz, Moshe Yaalon, and the Diversion of Ground Force Design to Low-Intensity Conflict, 19982005
Chapter Summary
Building Relationships with the Political Echelon in Force Design
Yigael Yadin and David Ben-Gurion on the Size of the Army, 1952