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Takeyuki Tsuda - Diasporic Homecomings: Ethnic Return Migration in Comparative Perspective

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Diasporic Homecomings: Ethnic Return Migration in Comparative Perspective
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Takeyuki Tsuda
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Stanford University Press
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Year:
2009
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In recent decades, increasing numbers of diasporic peoples have returned to their ethnic homelands, whether because of economic pressures, a desire to rediscover ancestral roots, or the homeland governments preferential immigration and nationality policies. Although the returnees may initially be welcomed back, their homecomings often prove to be ambivalent or negative experiences. Despite their ethnic affinity to the host populace, they are frequently excluded as cultural foreigners and relegated to low-status jobs shunned by the host societys populace. Diasporic Homecomings, the first book to provide a comparative overview of the major ethnic return groups in Europe and East Asia, reveals how the sociocultural characteristics and national origins of the migrants influence their levels of marginalization in their ethnic homelands, forcing many of them to redefine the meanings of home and homeland.

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Diasporic Homecomings

Ethnic Return Migration in Comparative Perspective

Takeyuki Tsuda

Stanford University Press
Stanford, California

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press.

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Diasporic homecomings : ethnic return migration in comparative perspective / edited by Takeyuki Tsuda.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

9780804772068

1. Return migrationCross-cultural studies. 2. Emigration and immigrationCross-cultural studies. I. Tsuda, Takeyuki.

JV6217.5.D53 2009

304.8dc22

2009010150

Typeset by Bruce Lundquist in 10/14 Minion

Table of Contents

Introduction

Diasporic Return and Migration Studies

Takeyuki Tsuda

Ethnic Return Migration: A Global Phenomenon

Immigration scholars have recently become increasingly interested in diasporasethnic groups that have been territorially dispersed across different nations because of ethnopolitical persecution or for economic reasons and are united by a sense of attachment to and longing for their country of ethnic origin (the ethnic homeland) (e.g., see Cohen 1997; Safran 1991; Tllyan 1996; Van Hear 1998). A number of scholars have examined how diasporas have continued to evolve through further migratory scattering, but relatively few have studied how certain diasporic peoples have also been returning to their ethnic homelands (Stefansson 2004: 6). In general, there are two types of diasporic return. The first is the return migration of first-generation diasporic peoples who move back to their homeland (country of birth) (see Gmelch 1980; Long and Oxfeld 2004; Markowitz and Stefansson 2004). The second is ethnic return migration, which refers to later-generation descendants of diasporic peoples who return to their countries of ancestral origin after living outside their ethnic homelands for generations.

The contributors to this book provide a comparative ethnographic overview of most of the worlds major ethnic return migrant groups. In recent decades, the total volume of ethnic return migration has increased significantly. The most prominent example is the millions of Jews in the Diaspora who have migrated to Israel since World War II. The largest group of Jewish ethnic return migrants has been from the former Soviet Union; more than 770,000 Russian Jews entered Israel between 1990 and 1999. In Western Europe, 4 million ethnic German descendants from Eastern Europe return-migrated to their ethnic homeland between 1950 and 1999. shows the various countries that have produced diasporas, the geographic location of these diasporic peoples, and the groups that have returned to their ethnic homelands.

Origin states, diasporas, and ethnic return migration

Diasporic origin states	Geographic location of diasporic peoples	Ethnic return migrants
Israel	Middle East, Eastern Europe (mainly Russia), Western Europe, North America, South America (fewer)	Most from Eastern Europe, but also from other parts of the world
Germany	Eastern Europe, North America, South America	Eastern European ethnic German descendants ( Aussiedler ); a few from South America
Spain and Italy	Mainly North and South America	Predominantly Argentines of Spanish and Italian ancestry
Ireland, Sweden	United States, Western Europe	Small numbers of Irish Americans and Finland Swedes
Greece	United States, Western and Eastern Europe, Asia Minor	Ethnic Greeks from former Soviet Union, Albania, and Asia Minor; small numbers of Greek Americans
Hungary	Neighboring Eastern European countries, United States, Western Europe	Mainly ethnic Hungarian descendants from Romania
Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania, Ukraine, Latvia	Neighboring states in Eastern Europe, United States, Western Europe	Co-ethnic descendants from neighboring Eastern European countries
Russia	Surrounding countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Caucasus; North America, Western Europe	Ethnic Russian descendants from Soviet successor states in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Caucasus
Japan	Mainly North and South America	Predominantly Japanese Brazilians and Peruvians ( nikkeijin ); a few Japanese Americans
South Korea	North America, East and Central Asia, Russia, Middle East, South America (relatively few)	Mainly Korean Chinese ( chosnjok ); some ethnic Korean descendants from Russia, Central Asia, and the Middle East; a few Korean Americans and Korean Japanese
China	East and Southeast Asia, North America, Western Europe, Latin America (relatively few)	Mainly highly skilled ethnic Chinese descendants from Southeast Asia; a few Chinese Americans
Taiwan	China, North America	Highly skilled overseas/diasporic Chinese
Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos	East and Southeast Asia, North America, Western Europe (relatively few)	Smaller numbers of highly skilled diasporic descendants from various countries

Most ethnic return migration has been primarily a response to economic pressures (i.e., diasporic descendants moving from developing countries to richer ethnic homelands in the developed world). Other important factors that influence the migration are ethnic ties to ancestral homelands, a nostalgic desire to rediscover ethnic roots, and the efforts of homeland governments to actively encourage their diasporic descendants living abroad to return home through preferential immigration and nationality policies. The total volume of ethnic return migration is not only substantial but also generally permanent in nature. Diasporic returnees in the Middle East and Europe often migrate in order to settle permanently in their countries of ethnic origin. Although some ethnic return migrants (especially in East Asia) are sojourners who intend to remain only a few years in their ancestral homelands (as labor migrants and target earners), a number of them are prolonging their stays and settling, often with family members.

After analyzing the causes of diasporic return in Part 1, the contributors to this book focus on the ethnic and sociocultural experiences of ethnic return migrants in their ancestral homelands (Parts 2 and 3). Although many return migrants feel a nostalgic ethnic affiliation to their countries of ancestral origin, because they have been living outside their ethnic homeland for generations, they are essentially returning to a foreign country from which their ancestors came. As a result, diasporic homecomings are often ambivalent, if not negative experiences for many ethnic return migrants. Despite initial expectations that their presumed ethnic affinity with the host society (as co-ethnics) would facilitate their social integration, they are often ethnically excluded as foreigners in their ancestral homelands because of the alien cultural differences they have acquired while living abroad for generations (cf. Capo Zmegac 2005: 199). They are also often socioeconomically marginalized as unskilled immigrant workers and perform low-status jobs that are shunned by the host populace.

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