Linda E Dorsten - Interpreting Social and Behavioral Research

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First published 1996 by Pyrczak Publishing

Published 2019 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1996 by Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Editorial assistance provided by Robert E. King, Wai-Meng Leong, Robert Morris, Randall R. Bruce, and Ralph Carroll.

Cover design by LACA, Inc.

ISBN 13: 978-1-884585-01-2 (pbk)

Contents

Husband and Wife Differences and Undesirable Life Events

2. Scientific Approach

Nonconventional Family Life-Styles and School Achievement

3. Nonscientific Approach

Students Say Drugs Are Obtainable

Sexual Stratification by Race and Reactions to Rape

5. Operational Definitions and Variables

Measurement of Romantic Love

6. Types of Measures

Adolescents Chores in Dual- and Single-Earner Families

7. Composite Measures

Early Problem Behavior and Later Drug Problems

8. Reliability and Validity

Negative Attitudes toward Homosexuals among College Students

9. Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies

Social Support among Gay Men: The Context of AIDS

Everyday Life in Nursing Homes

11. Nonparticipant Observation

An Unobtrusive Study of Arousal-Attraction

12. Content Analysis

Portrayal of Women in Rock Videos

13. Historical Research

Emotional Stereotyping of Parents in Child Rearing Manuals

14. Personal Interview

Self-Presentation in Videodating

15. Telephone Interview

How Fast Does News Travel?

16. Mail Questionnaire

University Size, Quality, and Student Protest

17. Randomized Experiment

Formal and Informal Deterrents to Domestic Violence

18. Evaluation Research

Evaluation of a Pregnancy Prevention Program for Teenagers

19. Integrating Methods of Data Collection

Sex Differences in Complexity of Childrens Play

Drug Use and AIDS Risk in a Soup Kitchen Population

21. Convenience Sample

Living Will Completion among Older Adults

22. Snowball Sample

The Social Construction of Forbidden Relationships

23. Simple Random Sample

Support for Corporal Punishment in the Schools

24. Stratified Random Sample

Occupational Pursuits of Free American Women in Newspaper Ads

25. Systematic Sample

Change of Heart: Testing Theories of Religious Conversion

26. Multistage Cluster Sample

The Importance of Being Beautiful

27. Theoretical Sample

Perception of Time and Situated Engrossment

Identifying Condom Users Likely to Experience Condom Failure

29. Bivariate Analysis

Why Fewer Women than Men Become Physicians

30. Trivariate Analysis

Gender and Informal Networks in State Government

31. Exploring Causal Relationships with Bivariate Analysis

Effects of Seating Position on Grades

32. Testing Research Hypotheses with Trivariate Analysis

Curriculum Effects on Early Post-High School Outcomes

33. Linking Theory, Hypotheses, and Findings

Maternal Working Conditions and Childrens Verbal Facility

34. Research into Practice

Open Adoption of Infants: Advantages and Disadvantages

35. Developing Research Strategies

Focus Groups and Surveys in Environmental Risk Studies

1. 1. 2. Scientific Approach
   2. 3. Nonscientific Approach
2. 1. 5. Operational Definitions and Variables
   2. 6. Types of Measures
   3. 7. Composite Measures
   4. 8. Reliability and Validity
   5. 9. Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies
3. 1. 11. Nonparticipant Observation
   2. 12. Content Analysis
   3. 13. Historical Research
   4. 14. Personal Interview
   5. 15. Telephone Interview
   6. 16. Mail Questionnaire
   7. 17. Randomized Experiment
   8. 18. Evaluation Research
   9. 19. Integrating Methods of Data Collection
4. 1. 21. Convenience Sample
   2. 22. Snowball Sample
   3. 23. Simple Random Sample
   4. 24. Stratified Random Sample
   5. 25. Systematic Sample
   6. 26. Multistage Cluster Sample
   7. 27. Theoretical Sample
5. 1. 29. Bivariate Analysis
   2. 30. Trivariate Analysis
   3. 31. Exploring Causal Relationships with Bivariate Analysis
   4. 32. Testing Research Hypotheses with Trivariate Analysis
   5. 33. Linking Theory, Hypotheses, and Findings
   6. 34. Research into Practice
   7. 35. Developing Research Strategies

Guide

This book is designed to help you acquire basic skills needed to comprehend social and behavioral science research reports. These skills are needed to understand research results that we confront in our everyday lives in magazines, newspapers, on television, and elsewhere. Also, employers and university professors usually expect at least a basic knowledge of research methods and the ability to interpret research reported in both the popular media and professional journals.

Your instructor is likely to expect you to know more about research methods than is contained in this book. However, it does provide a basic introduction for those who are unfamiliar with major research tools and concepts.

S TEPS IN U SING THIS B OOK

To use this book effectively, follow these steps:

1. Review the Methodological Summary for a given research topic; the Summary provides an overview of the key concepts relating to the topic. More detailed information may be given in your professors lectures. In addition, you are encouraged to consult other textbooks, if any, assigned by your instructor.
2. Read the Excerpts from the research article for the topic. The Excerpts are direct quotations from original sources, giving you practice in reading research as reported by a variety of practicing social and behavioral science researchers. Although the Excerpts emphasize the methods sections of the research articles, additional information such as the purpose of the research and selected findings are included in most Excerpts to provide a fuller understanding of the study.
   The notes columns and pages may be used to record your professors comments. Your comments and questions also may be recorded in these spaces.
3. Answer the questions in the Exercise for the topic. Each set of questions is divided into two groups. The Factual Questions draw your attention to important aspects of the research. The Questions for Discussion require you to interpret and evaluate information in the research report; for each of these questions there may be more than one defensible answer, which promotes lively classroom discussions.

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