WORLD BANK WORKING PAPER NO. 131
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Copyright 2008
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ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7382-8
eISBN: 978-0-8213-7383-5
ISSN: 1726-5878 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7382-8
Marito Garcia is a Lead Economist in the Africa Region Human Development Department of the World Bank. Andrew Sunil Rajkumar is an Economist in the same department.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested
Contents
Contents
Foreword |
Acknowledgments |
Acronyms and Abbreviations |
Executive Summary |
1. | Improvements in Health and Education Services |
Changes in Outcomes over the Past 15 Years |
Was Decentralization Responsible? |
2. | Decentralization and the Delivery of Basic Services |
Phasing in Decentralization |
A Framework for Understanding Service Delivery Outcomes |
3. | The Scope of Decentralization and Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers |
Subnational Structures |
Decentralization of Functions and Responsibilities |
Financing Social Services through Intergovernmental Transfers |
4. | How Did Decentralization to Woreda Level Affect the Delivery of Social Services? |
Increases in Woreda-Level Spending Following Decentralization |
Decentralization Appears to Have Improved the Distribution of Expenditures Across Woredas with Worse-off Woredas Benefiting the Most |
After Woreda-Level Decentralization Began, Some Evidence of Lagging Woredas Partly Catching Up in Social Service Delivery |
Teacher Redeployment Across Woredas and Within Woredas |
Regression Analysis: Linking Expenditures with Outcomes |
Decentralization's High Potential to Improve Service Delivery |
5. | Making Decentralization Work: Overcoming Constraints in Decentralized Service Delivery |
Critical Constraints |
Regional Innovations for Recruiting and Retaining Workers |
Empowering Citizens and Communities to Improve Services and Outcomes |
Improving Accountability Mechanisms |
Appendixes
A | Calculating Block Grants Allocations From Federal Government to Regions and Regions to Woredas Using the Three-Parameter Formula |
B | The Fiscal Equalization and Unit Cost Approaches for Block Grant Allocations |
C | Regression Results on Education Outcomes Before and After Decentralization |
D | Estimating the Effects of Decentralization on the Delivery of Human Development Services in Ethiopia |
E | Methodology and Technical Details for Data Analysis in |
References |
List of Tables
1.1. | Index of Real Government Expenditures and Spending as Percentage of GDP, 19992005 |
1.2. | User Satisfaction with Government Health Services, 2005 |
1.3. | User Satisfaction with School Services, 2005 |
2.1. | Trends in Service Delivery, 1995/962004/05 |
3.1. | Assignment of Expenditure and Revenue Responsibilities for Education, Health, and Water and Sanitation, by Tier of Government, circa 2005 |
3.2. | A Wide Variation in Per Capita Block Grant Transfers to Regions |
3.3. | Two Different Approaches for Allocating Federal Resources to Regions |
3.4. | Regional Budgets and Share of Budgets Transferred to Woredas in Four Regions, 2005/06 |
3.5. | Block Grant Allocations in Oromiya, 2002/032004/05 |
3.6. | Block Grant Allocations in SNNPR, 2002/032004/05 |
3.7. | Trends in Regional Expenditure, 1993/42005/06 |
3.8. | Aggregate Fiscal Performance |
4.1. | Woreda-Level Spending on Education and Health in SNNPR, by Category of Spending, 2001 and 2004 |
4.2. | Woreda-Level Per Capita Spending on Education and Health in Oromiya, by Category of Spending, 2001 and 2004 |
4.3. | Woreda-Level Spending on Education and Health in SNNPR, by Type of Woreda, 2001 and 2004 |
4.4. | Recurrent Expenditure Per Primary Student in SNNPR, 2001 and 2004 |
4.5. | Recurrent Expenditure Per Secondary Student in SNNPR, 2001 and 2004 |
4.6. | Education Outcomes in SNNPR, 2001 and 2004 |
4.7. | Primary Education Outcomes in Oromiya, 2001 and 2004 |