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Cyber Warfare

A REFERENCE HANDBOOK

Paul J. Springer

Copyright 2015 by ABC-CLIO, LLC

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Springer, Paul J.

Cyber warfare : a reference handbook / Paul J. Springer.

pages cm. (Contemporary world issues)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 9781610694438 (hard copy : alk. paper) ISBN 9781610694445 (ebook) 1. Cyberspace operations (Military science) 2. CyberspaceSecurity measuresHistory. 3. CyberterrorismPrevention. 4. Computer crimesPrevention.
I. Title. II. Title: Cyberwarfare, a reference handbook.

U163.S662015

355.4dc23 2014038753

ISBN: 9781610694438

EISBN: 9781610694445

19 18 17 16 15 1 2 3 4 5

This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook.

Visit www.abc-clio.com for details.

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This book is printed on acid-free paper

Manufactured in the United States of America

The importance of cyberspace to the modern human environment cannot be overstated. Computer networks have become a fundamental part of society, influencing virtually every aspect of life for much of the planets population. Even individuals who have never sat before a computer screen are affected by computer networks, whether they realize it or not. Computers have revolutionized the function of the world. Unfortunately, computers do not have the power to reform human nature, or at least not yet, and thus conflict remains a common part of the human experience. Computer networks play an increasingly important role in conflicts of the twenty-first century, and the cyber domain touches almost all elements of human conflict. This work explores the current state of affairs in cyber warfare, including what can be done now, and what is likely in the near future.

The cyber realm is unique in terms of warfare, primarily because it is an entirely manmade domain of conflict. There are no rules within cyberspace that cannot be changed, through physical changes to the architecture of the environment or programming changes to the systems that control it. Thus, the challenge of developing a national strategy for cyberspace becomes increasingly difficult as the rules of engagement change with the nature of the conflict zone. Cyber assets offer enormous potential for enhancing the communications, economic partnerships, and knowledge sharing of nations. In this regard, the cyber domain might serve as the great unifying force of the twenty-first century, in part because it is not bounded by the geographic delineations that dominate the thinking of political leaders around the world. However, computer networks are also prone to abuse, as they offer enormous potential for new forms of criminal activity, for the propagation of terrorist ideologies, and for the facilitation of attacks within the physical world.

As Dr. Jonathan Coopersmith, one of my mentors at Texas A&M University, often stated to his students, technology is not good or evil, nor is it neutral. Essentially, most technological innovations can be put to limitless different uses, some of them unfortunately of a nefarious nature. The challenge, then, is for the developers and users of cyberspace to find ways to encourage, or even compel, the use of computer networks for the greater benefit of humanity, rather than allowing them to become just another zone of human conflict and never-ending struggle. Likewise, national and international leaders must strive to facilitate this goal, both by supporting international accords on the acceptable uses of cyberspace, and by encouraging the positive uses of cyberspace to improve the standard of living for the entire population of the planet.

No work of this nature is created in a vacuum, and the current volume is certainly no exception to that rule. I naturally owe particular thanks to Major Heidi L. Dexter, U.S. Air Force; Dr. Martin Libicki, RAND Corporation; Dr. S. Michael Pavelec, Joint Advanced Warfare School; Dr. Nick Sambaluk, U.S. Military Academy; and Major Brian Tannehill, U.S. Air Force, for their important contributions to this work. Each brings decades of experience within their field of expertise into their discussions, and all made valuable contributions to other aspects of the book throughout its production.

I also owe thanks for the tireless efforts of Pat Carlin and Robin Tutt of ABC-CLIO, both of whom maintained faith in this project even during the darkest hours of its creation. You did an amazing job of offering support, encouragement, and prodding, as each was required. I am extremely thankful for your assistance and look forward to decades of future collaboration. This is our second book-length work together, but it will not be our last. Suba Ramya of Lumina Datamatics did excellent work in moving the manuscript through the editorial process, and I appreciate all of her efforts.