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Vicente Sanchez - Trading in Genes: Development Perspectives on Biotechnology, Trade and Sustainability

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Vicente Sanchez Trading in Genes: Development Perspectives on Biotechnology, Trade and Sustainability

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Few scientific developments have given rise to as much controversy as biotechnology. Numerous groups are united in their opposition, expressing concern over environmental and health risks, impacts on rural livelihoods, the economic dominance of multinational companies and the ethical implications of crossing species boundaries. Among the supporters of the technology are those that believe in its potential to enhance food security, further economic development, increase productivity and reduce environmental pressures. As a result, countries - and sectors within countries - find themselves at odds with each other while potential opportunities for development offered by the use of biotechnology are seized or missed, and related risks go unmanaged. This book, a unique interdisciplinary collection of perspectives from the developing world, examines the ongoing debate. Writing for the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, leading experts address issues such as diffusion of technology, intellectual property rights, the Cartagena Protocol, impacts of international trade, capacity building and biotechnology research and regulation. With the most recent and relevant examples from around the world, Trading in Genes offers the reader a single-volume overview of the connections between biotechnology, trade and sustainability that is both wide-ranging and thorough

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Trading in Genes First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2005 - photo 1
Trading in Genes

First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2005

Copyright the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development

All rights reserved

ISBN-10: 1-84407-028-X paperback

1-84407-027-1 hardback

ISBN-13: 978-1-84407-028-2 paperback

978-1-84407-027-5 hardback

Typesetting by JS Typesetting Ltd, Porthcawl, Mid Glamorgan
Printed and bound in the UK by Bath Press
Cover design by Yvonne Booth

For a full list of publications please contact:

Earthscan
812 Camden High Street
London, NW1 0JH, UK
Tel: +44 (0)20 7387 8558
Fax: +44 (0)20 7387 8998
Email: earthinfo@earthscan.co.uk
Web: www.earthscan.co.uk

22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA

Earthscan is an imprint of James and James (Science Publishers) Ltd and publishes in
association with the International Institute for Environment and Development

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for

Printed on elemental chlorine-free paper

Contents

P ART O NE W EIGHING B IOTECHNOLOGY ON THE S CALES OF S USTAINABLE D - photo 2

P ART O NE W EIGHING B IOTECHNOLOGY ON THE
S CALES OF S USTAINABLE D EVELOPMENT

P ART T WO T RADE IN B IOTECHNOLOGY :
N EW C HALLENGES IN AN O LD P LAYGROUND

List of Boxes, Figures and Tables

B OXES National policies on biotechnology in developing countries Genetic use - photo 3

B OXES

National policies on biotechnology in developing countries

Genetic use restriction technology (GURT): Biosafety or biobusiness?

Human tissue banking and trafficking

The case of jasmine rice

Cracking down on biopiracy: Disclosure of origin gains momentum in the WTO

Capacity Building (Article 22 of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety)

Access to and Transfer of Technology (Article 16 of Convention on Biological Diversity)

Global capabilities in biotechnology and associated regulatory mechanisms

SPS Agreement Article 5.7

TBT Agreement Article 2.2

Precaution and the SPS and TBT Agreements

F IGURES

RR soybean adoption: Distribution of benefits (does not includewhite bag seed)

Bt cotton adoption: Distribution of benefits

Bt maize adoption: Distribution of benefits

T ABLES

Examples of capacity building initiatives on biotechnology and biosafety in Africa

Applications of the SPS Agreement

Multilateral trade agreements under the WTO

Other multilateral agreements

Declarations and action plans

International standard-setting bodies recognized under the SPS Agreement

Other international standards, guidelines and recommendations

Regional initiatives

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

AAR Applied Agricultural Research Malaysia ABSP Agricultural Biotechnology - photo 4

AARApplied Agricultural Research (Malaysia)
ABSPAgricultural Biotechnology Support Project (US)
AFICAsian Food Information Centre
AGERIAgricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute
AIAadvance informed agreement
ANVISAAgncia Nacional de Vigilncia Sanitria (Brazils national agency for health)
ANZFAAustraliaNew Zealand Food Authority (now FSANZ)
ANZFSCAustraliaNew Zealand Food Standards Council
APHISAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service (operated byUSDA)
AQISAustralian Quarantine and Inspection Service
ARCAgricultural Research Council (South Africa)
ASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations
ATCCAmerican Type Culture Collection
BACBiotechnology Advisory Center
BINASBiosafety Information Network and Advisory Service (operatedby UNIDO)
BIO-EARNEast African Regional Programme and Research Network forBiotechnology, Biosafety and Biotechnology Policy Development
BPIBureau of Plant Industry (the Philippines)
BSEBovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
BSWGWorking Group on Biosafety
BtBacillus thuringiensis
CBDConvention on Biological Diversity
CENITCentro de Investigaciones para la Transformacin (Argentinascentre of research for transformation)
CFIACanadian Food Inspection Agency
CGCompromise Group
CGIARConsultative Group on International Agricultural Research
CGRFADraft Code of Conduct on Biotechnology as it relates to GeneticResources for Food and Agriculture
CIATCentro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (InternationalCenter for Tropical Agriculture)
CIBioComisses Internas de Biossegurana (Brazils internal biosafetycommission)
CIBIOGEMComisin Intersecretarial de Bioseguridad y OrganismosGenticamente Modificados (Mexicos intersectoral commissionfor biosafety and GMOs)
CIDACanadian International Development Agency
CIGBCentro de Ingeniera Gentica y Biotecnologa (Cubas centre ofgenetic engineering and biotechnology)
CIMMYTCentro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maz y Trigo(International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center)
CIPInternational Potato Center
CIPRCommission on Intellectual Property Rights
CNBSConselho Nacional de Biosegurana (Brazils national biosafetycouncil)
COMESACommon Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
CONABIAComisin Nacional Asesora de Biotecnologa Agropecuaria(Argentinas national advisory commission on agriculturalbiotechnology)
CONAMAConselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (Brazils nationalenvironmental council)
COPConference of the Parties
CORPOICACorporacin Colombiana de Investigacin Agropecuaria(Colombias corporation of agricultural research)
CPBCartagena Protocol on Biosafety
CRIFCCentral Research Institute for Field Crops
CRSPCollaborative Research Support Program
CTDCommittee on Trade and Development
CTECommittee on Trade and Environment
CTNBioComisso Tcnica Nacional de Biossegurana (Brazils nationaltechnical biosafety commission)
DANCEDDanish Cooperation for Environment and Development
DANCEEDanish Cooperation for Environment in Eastern Europe
DBTDepartment of Biotechnology (India)
DFIDDepartment for International Development (UK)
DGISDirectorate-General for International Cooperation (TheNetherlands)
DGSVDireccin General de Sanidad Vegetal (Mexicos generaldirectorate of plant health)
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