Jean Ensminger - Experimenting with Social Norms: Fairness and Punishment in Cross-Cultural Perspective
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Questions about the origins of human cooperation have long puzzled and divided scientists. Social norms that foster fair-minded behavior, altruism and collective action undergird the foundations of large-scale human societies, but we know little about how these norms develop or spread, or why the intensity and breadth of human cooperation varies among different populations. What is the connection between social norms that encourage fair dealing and economic growth? How are these social norms related to the emergence of centralized institutions? Informed by a pioneering set of cross-cultural data, Experimenting with Social Norms advances our understanding of the evolution of human cooperation and the expansion of complex societies.
Editors Jean Ensminger and Joseph Henrich present evidence from an exciting collaboration between anthropologists and economists. Using experimental economics games, researchers examined levels of fairness, cooperation, and norms for punishing those who violate expectations of equality across a diverse swath of societies, from hunter-gatherers in Tanzania to a small town in rural Missouri. These experiments tested individuals willingness to conduct mutually beneficial transactions with strangers that reap rewards only at the expense of taking a risk on the cooperation of others. The results show a robust relationship between exposure to market economies and social norms that benefit the group over narrow economic self-interest. Levels of fairness and generosity are generally higher among individuals in communities with more integrated markets. Religion also plays a powerful role. Individuals practicing either Islam or Christianity exhibited a stronger sense of fairness, possibly because religions with high moralizing deities, equipped with ample powers to reward and punish, encourage greater prosociality. The size of the settlement also had an impact. People in larger communities were more willing to punish unfairness compared to those in smaller societies. Taken together, the volume supports the hypothesis that social norms evolved over thousands of years to allow strangers in more complex and large settlements to coexist, trade and prosper.
Innovative and ambitious, Experimenting with Social Norms synthesizes an unprecedented analysis of social behavior from an immense range of human societies. The fifteen case studies analyzed in this volume, which include field experiments in Africa, South America, New Guinea, Siberia and the United States, are available for free download on the Foundations website:www.russellsage.org.
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Fairness and Punishment in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Edited by Jean Ensminger and Joseph Henrich
The Russell Sage Foundation
The Russell Sage Foundation, one of the oldest of America's general purpose foundations, was established in 1907 by Mrs. Margaret Olivia Sage for the improvement of social and living conditions in the United States. The Foundation seeks to fulfill this mandate by fostering the development and dissemination of knowledge about the country's political, social, and economic problems. While the Foundation endeavors to assure the accuracy and objectivity of each book it publishes, the conclusions and interpretations in Russell Sage Foundation publications are those of the authors and not of the Foundation, its Trustees, or its staff. Publication by Russell Sage, therefore, does not imply Foundation endorsement.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Experimenting with social norms : fairness and punishment in cross-cultural perspective / Jean Ensminger and Joseph Henrich, editors.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-87154-500-8 (alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-61044-840-6 (ebook) 1. Game theorySocial aspectsCross-cultural studies. 2. Social normsCross-cultural studies. 3. Experimental economicsCross-cultural studies. 4. EconomicsSociological aspectsCross-cultural studies.
I. Ensminger, Jean. II. Henrich, Joseph Patrick.
HB144.E97 2014
303.3'7dc23
2013034010
Copyright 2014 by Russell Sage Foundation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Reproduction by the United States Government in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48-1992.
Text design by Genna Patacsil.
RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION
112 East 64th Street, New York, New York 10065
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Chapter 1 Introduction, Project History, and Guide to the Volume
Jean Ensminger and Joseph Henrich
Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundations: The Coevolution of Social Norms, Intrinsic Motivation, Markets, and the Institutions of Complex Societies
Joseph Henrich and Jean Ensminger
Chapter 3 Cross-Cultural Methods, Sites, and Variables
Jean Ensminger, Abigail Barr, and Joseph Henrich
Chapter 4 Major Empirical Results: Markets, Religion, Community Size, and the Evolution of Fairness and Punishment
Joseph Henrich, Jean Ensminger, Abigail Barr, and Richard McElreath
Chapter 5 Double-Blind Dictator Games in Africa and the United States: Differential Experimenter Effects
Carolyn K. Lesorogol and Jean Ensminger
Chapters .
Chapter 6 Better to Receive Than to Give: Hadza Behavior in Three Experimental Economic Games
Frank W. Marlowe
Chapter 7 Cruel to Be Kind: Effects of Sanctions and Third-Party Enforcers on Generosity in Papua New Guinea
David P. Tracer, Ivo Mueller, and Jennifer Morse
Chapter 8 The Tsimane' Rarely Punish: An Experimental Investigation of Dictators, Ultimatums, and Punishment
Michael D. Gurven
Chapter 9 Fairness Without Punishment: Behavioral Experiments in the Yasawa Islands, Fiji
Joseph Henrich and Natalie Henrich
Chapter 10 Economic Game Behavior Among the Shuar
H. Clark Barrett and Kevin J. Haley
Chapter 11 Economic Experimental Game Results from the Sursurunga of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea
Alexander H. Bolyanatz
Chapter 12 Maragoli and Gusii Farmers in Kenya: Strong Collective Action and High Prosocial Punishment
Edwins Laban Gwako
Chapter 13 Sharing, Subsistence, and Social Norms in Northern Siberia
John P. Ziker
Chapter 14 Gifts or Entitlements: The Influence of Property Rights and Institutions for Third-Party Sanctioning on Behavior in Three Experimental Economic Games
Carolyn K. Lesorogol
Chapter 15 Cooperation and Punishment in an Economically Diverse Community in Highland Tanzania
Richard McElreath
Chapter 16 Social Preferences Among the People of Sanquianga in Colombia
Juan-Camilo Cardenas
Chapter 17 The Effects of Birthplace and Current Context on Other-Regarding Preferences in Accra
Abigail Barr
Chapter 18 Prosociality in Rural America: Evidence from Dictator, Ultimatum, Public Goods, and Trust Games
Jean Ensminger and Kathleen Cook
Jean Ensminger is Edie and Lew Wasserman Professor of Social Sciences at the California Institute of Technology.
Joseph Henrich is professor and Canada Research Chair in Culture, Cognition, and Coevolution in the economics and psychology departments at the University of British Columbia.
Abigail Barr is associate professor and reader in the School of Economics at the University of Nottingham, England.
H. Clark Barrett is associate professor of anthropology at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Alexander H. Bolyanatz is professor of anthropology at College of DuPage.
Juan-Camilo Cardenas is professor at the School of Economics at the Universidad de Los Andes, Bogot, Colombia.
Kathleen Cook is academic coordinator in the Department of Anthropology at Washington University.
Michael D. Gurven is professor of anthropology, chair of Integrative Anthropological Sciences Unit, and director of the Human Biodemography and Evolution Laboratory at University of California, Santa Barbara.
Edwins Laban Gwako is professor of anthropology at Guilford College.
Kevin J. Haley is in the Doctor of Pharmacy program at Oregon State University.
Natalie Henrich is research scientist at the Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences, Providence Healthcare, British Columbia, Canada.
Carolyn K. Lesorogol is associate professor in the Brown School of Social Work at Washington University.
Frank W. Marlowe is lecturer in anthropology at the University of Cambridge, England.
Richard McElreath is associate professor of anthropology at the University of California, Davis.
Jennifer Morse is vice president of development at Salud Family Health Centers, Fort Lupton, Colorado.
Ivo Mueller is professor at the Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Spain and laboratory head at the Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia.
David P. Tracer is professor and chair of the Department of Health and Behavioral Sciences and professor of anthropology at the University of Colorado, Denver.
John P. Ziker is professor and chair of anthropology at Boise State University.
Jean Ensminger and Joseph Henrich
This work represents the second volume emerging from a collaboration among about two dozen anthropologists and economists that began in 1997. Our goal in this volume is to shed light on the historical emergence of prosocial norms and their relationship to economic growth. By contrast with other primates, how is it that human societies manage to solve problems collectively and entice individuals to operate against their own narrow, short-term, economic self-interest and instead engage in behavior that benefits the group as a whole, or some significant subset? We argue that understanding the origins of such prosocial behavior, including the willingness to pay a price to punish those who violate such norms, is a necessary condition prior to the ability to live in large social groups with complex divisions of labor. Life in larger concentrations is in turn essential to economic growth and productivity, thus affording higher economic well-being.
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