John Sibley Butler - Entrepreneurship and Self-Help Among Black Americans: A Reconsideration of Race and Economics
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Entrepreneurship and Self-Help Among Black Americans: A Reconsideration of Race and Economics
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In this book, author John Sibley Butler traces the unique development of business enterprises and other community organizations among Black Americans from before the Civil War into the present. He compares these efforts to other strong traditions of self-help among groups such as Japanese-Americans, Jewish Americans, and Greek-Americans. The author also shows how the higher education of Black children is already a valued tradition among Black self-help groups--such that today their offspring are more likely to be third and fourth generation college graduates. Butler challenges the myth that nothing can be done to salvage Americas underclass without a massive infusion of public dollars, and offers a fresh perspective on those community based organizations and individuals who act to solve local social and economic problems.
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Entrepreneurship and Self-help Among Black Americans : A Reconsideration of Race and Economics SUNY Series in Ethnicity and Race in American Life
author
:
Butler, John S.
publisher
:
State University of New York Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0791407365
print isbn13
:
9780791407363
ebook isbn13
:
9780585059976
language
:
English
subject
African Americans--Economic conditions, African American businesspeople, Entrepreneurship--United States.
publication date
:
1991
lcc
:
E185.8.B83 1991eb
ddc
:
338/.04/08996073
subject
:
African Americans--Economic conditions, African American businesspeople, Entrepreneurship--United States.
Page i
Entrepreneurship and Self-Help among Black Americans
Page ii
SUNY Series in Ethnicity and Race in American Life John Sibley Butler, Editor
Page iii
Entrepreneurship and Self-Help among Black Americans
A Reconsideration of Race and Economics
John Sibley Butler
State University of New York Press
Page iv
Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
1991 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Table 8.3 is reprinted with the permission of The Earl Gray Publishing Company, 130 5th Ave., New York, NY 1011, 1987, all rights reserved.
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
For information, address State University of New York Press, State University Plaza, Albany, N.Y. 12246
Production by Dana Foote Marketing by Theresa A. Swierzowski
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Butler, John S.
Entrepreneurship and self-help among Black Americans : a reconsideration of race and economics/by John Sibley Butler. p. cm. (SUNY series in ethnicity and race in American life) Includes bibliography (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-7914-0735-7 (acid-free). ISBN 0-7914-0736-5 (pb. : acid-free) 1. Afro-AmericansEconomic conditions. 2. Afro-Americans in business. 3. EntrepreneurshipUnited States. I. Title. II. Series. E185.8.B83 1991 338 .04 08996073dc20 90-10329 CIP
Page v
To Thojest Jefferson and Johnnie Mae Sibley Butler, my mother and father, who are lights of encouragement; and to Rosemary Griffey Butler, my wife, who has given me additional encouragement
Page vii
Contents
Tables
ix
Preface
xiii
1. The Sociology of Entrepreneurship
1
2. Race and Entrepreneurship: A Respecification
34
3. "To Seek for Ourselves": Benevolent, Insurance, and Banking Institutions
79
4. Entrepreneurship under an Economic Detour
143
5. Durham, North Carolina: An Economic Enclave
165
6. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Business Success and Tragedy
197
7. The Reconstruction of Race, Ethnicity and Economics: Toward a Theory of the Afro-American Middleman
227
8. The Present Status of Afro-American Business: The Resurrection of Past Solutions
282
9. Conclusion and Policy Implications
314
Notes
331
Bibliography
367
Index
387
Page ix
Tables
1.1 Japanese Immigration to Mainland United States
9
2.1 Proportion of Free Blacks and Slaves in the U.S.
36
2.2 Geographical Distribution of Free Afro-Americans and of Afro-American Slaves in the United States, 1860
37
2.3 Geographical Distribution of Slaves and Free Negroes in the United States by Section of the Country, 1860
37
2.4 Afro-American Inventors
49
2.5 Heuristic Model of the Theory of Economic Detour
75
3.1 Selected Statistics of the African Methodist Episcopal Church
82
3.2 Receipts, Extension, Loans and Donations of the African Methodist Episcopal Church
83
3.3 Expenditures for Education, African Methodist Episcopal Church by Years
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