Table of Contents
Praise forMussolinis Italy
Shrewd, lucid, exhaustively documented and totally unsentimental ... among its greatest virtues is [Bosworths] eye for what made Italian Fascism Italian.... A cautionary tale that all of us, Italian and non-Italian, would do well to remember.
The New York Times Book Review
A powerful work of scholarship, beautifully written, which should be read by anyone interested in twentieth-century Europe, or indeed the antecedents of modern-day Italy.
The Economist
[Bosworth is] one of the most outstanding historians of modern Italy ... absorbing ... fascinating ... Bosworths deep knowledge of Italy ... is continually illuminating.
The Washington Post Book World
With this insightful, comprehensive study, Bosworth secures his place as one of the two leading historians in the English-speaking world ... of twentieth-century Italy. Bosworth begins with an admission that he has embarked on an impossible project: to unveil the lives of Italians from all walks of life under a generation of dictatorship. Impossible, indeed, but what a grand attempt at a synthesis of social and political history he produces.
Publishers Weekly (starred and boxed review)
A breathtakingly ambitious history that defies its authors own warning: Aspiring to write the total history of a totalitarian society is a delusion.... Superb and timely.
Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
A lively portrait in Mussolinis Italy of the lives of ordinary Italians under Fascism.... In mesmeric detail, Bosworth puts Mussolini squarely behind the worst atrocities of post-Risorgimento Italy.
Ian Thomson, The Spectator
[A] superbly evocative account ... Profound in its scholarship and humane in its judgments.
Christopher Clark, Sunday Telegraph (UK)
Everybody with an interest in the everyday life of Italians under Mussolinis dictatorship will have to read Richard Bosworths Mussolinis Italy.... Such a book was long overdue.... One cannot recommend this book too highly.
Tobias Abse, Literary Review (UK)
[A] penetrating new book ... Bosworths fine book, studded with crisply drawn vignettes of Mussolinis main collaborators and with fascinating details of how ordinary Italians coped with Fascist rule in the provinces, pulls no punches.
Tony Barber, Financial Times Magazine (UK)
This book ranges very widely, synthesizing in often colorful prose the authors compendious knowledge of Italian social and political history.... Bosworth deftly documents Fascisms uneven and complex political and ideological history, charting Mussolinis torturous road to power, the gathering political appeal of his leadership, and the final implosion of the system. This scholarly and passionate book will doubtless be required reading for students of modern Italy, but it deserves still a wider audience than that.
Bookforum
PENGUIN BOOKS
MUSSOLINIS ITALY
R. J. B. Bosworths prizewinning Mussolini was greeted on publication in 2002 as the definitive life of Il Duce. Bosworth is professor of history at the University of Western Australia and has been a Visiting Fellow at a number of institutions, including the Italian Academy at Columbia University, Clare Hall (Cambridge), Balliol College (Oxford), All Souls College (Oxford), and the University of Trento.
For Nicholas, Oliver and Ella
Therefore doth heaven divide
The state of man in divers functions,
Setting endeavour in continual motion;
To which is fixed, as an aim or butt,
Obedience: for so work the honey-bees,
Creatures that by a rule in nature teach
The act of order to a peopled kingdom.
They have a king, and officers of sorts;
Where some, like magistrates, correct at home,
Others, like merchants, venture trade abroad,
Others, like soldiers, armed in their stings,
Make boot upon the summers velvet buds;
Which pillage they with merry march bring home
To the tent-royal of their emperor:
Who, busied in his majesty, surveys
The singing masons building roofs of gold,
The civil citizens kneading up the honey,
The poor mechanic porters crowding in
Their heavy burdens at his narrow gate,
The sad-eyd justice, with his surly hum,
Delivering oer to executors pale
The lazy yawning drone. I this infer,
That many things, having full reference
To one consent, may work contrariously;
As many arrows, loosed several ways,
Fly to one mark; as many ways meet in one town;
As many streams meet in one salt sea;
As many lines close in the dials centre;
So may a thousand actions, once afoot,
End in one purpose, and be all well borne
Without defeat. (Henry V, I. 2.183-213)
A highly politic and decidedly war-mongering Shakespearean Archbishop of Canterbury sketching a corporate state. For Fascist bees, see chapter 8.
List of illustrations
1.. Piero Bolzon, officer, gentleman and Fascist. (Reading University Library)
2. An early squad. (Reading University Library)
3. Pius XI inaugurating Holy Year, 1925. (Llllustrazione Italiana)
4. The complexity of salutes in Fascist Italy, Rome, 1926. (Reading University Library)
5. Mussolini smiling and striding (with Achille Starace), Rome, 1927. (LIllustrazione Italiana)
6. Mussolini and Edda becoming respectable in the Borghese gardens, Rome, 1927. (LIllustrazione Italiana)
7. Victor Emmanuel and Mussolini in civvies at the harvest. (Llllustrazione Italiana)
8. Mussolini meets peasants in the Pontine marshes. (LIllustrazione Italiana)
9. The athletic Renato Ricci and his boy scouts, Rome, 1930. (Rivista dellONB di Bolzano, from Biblioteca Comunale, Trento)
10. Boy scouts from Bolzano at Rome zoo, 1930. (Rivista dellONB di Bolzano, from Biblioteca Comunale, Trento)
11. The Sala del Mappamondo with a very small Duce at a desk in the corner. (Touring Club Italiano/Alinari Archives Management, Milano)
12. Dante and Battisti joined as ghosts, Trento, 1935. (Biblioteca Comunale, Trento)
13. Fascist scout piping, 1935. (Biblioteca Comunale, Trento)
14. Fascist boys on holiday, 1935. (Biblioteca Comunale, Trento)
15. Teenage Mussolinis as toughs. (Biblioteca Comunale, Trento)
16. Roberto Farinacci. (Biblioteca Comunale, Trento)
17. Liberated Tigreans and the Fascist white mans burden, 1935. (Il Legionario, from Biblioteca Comunale, Trento)
18. Little migrant Fascists in Melbourne, Australia, 1936. (Il Legionario, from Biblioteca Comunale, Trento)
19. A seventy-six-year-old lady named Camilla donates her wedding ring after fifty-six years of marriage, 1936. (Il Legionario, from Biblioteca Comunale, Trento)
20. Cesare De Vecchi di Val Cismon as Minister of Education, 1936. (Il Legionario, from Biblioteca Comunale, Trento)
21. Giuseppe Bottai being scholarly. (Il Legionario, from Biblioteca Comunale, Trento)
22. Fiat in Ethiopia, 1936. (Il Legionario, from Biblioteca Comunale, Trento)
23. Vittorio Mussolinis wedding - the Mussolinis in high society, 1937.