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Jesus Christ Jesus Christ. - The Historical Figure of Jesus

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A biography of the historical figure of Jesus. The book studies the relationship between Judaism and Christianity, distinguishing the certain from the improbable, and assessing the historical and religious context of Christs time. The spread of Christianity is also discussed.

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PENGUIN BOOKS

THE HISTORICAL FIGURE OF JESUS

Professor E. P. Sanders is America's most distinguished scholar in the field of Jesus-research today I hope to see The Historical Figure of Jesus widely used; it will be a healthy antidote to some of the extravagant claims made recently about the historical Jesus' Professor John B. Meier, Catholic University

A non-dogmatic, non-religious study of the evidence for Jesus's existence and career by a leading expert' Paul Johnson in the Sunday Times Books of the Year

A remarkably lucid book, that provides a comprehensive account of the life of Jesus from a historian's point of view. An excellent textbook for undergraduates, this volume will also be useful for graduate students and scholars as a convenient synthesis of the views of a major new testament scholar' Professor John J. Collins, University of Chicago

An exceptionally lucid and informative account of the relevant evidence (both Christian and non-Christian) and the problems it poses' G. A. Wells in the New Humanist

Better reading than most detective stories' E. C. Hodgkin in the Tablet Books of the Year

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

After receiving two baccalaureates in his native Texas, E. P. Sanders pursued graduate studies in Gttingen, Jerusalem, Oxford and New York, culminating in a Th.D. from Union Theological Seminary. He joined the Faculty at McMaster University, Ontario, in 1966. In 1984 he was elected Dean Ireland's Professor of Exegesis in the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Queen's College. He moved to Duke University, North Carolina, as Arts and Sciences Professor of Religion in 1990. He has held visiting professorships and lectureships at Trinity College, Dublin, and Cambridge University.

His field of special interest is Judaism and Christianity in the Graeco-Roman world. Paul and Palestinian Judaism (1977) won national book awards and Jesus and Judaism (1985) won the Grawemeyer Award in Religion and was chosen as one of the most significant works of religious history in the 1980s by the Sunday Correspondent. Other publications include The Tendencies of the Synoptic Tradition (1969), Paul, the Law and the Jewish People (1983), Studying the Synoptic Gospels (with Margaret Davies, 1989), Jewish Law from Jesus to the Mishnah (1990), Paul: Past Master (1991) and Judaism: Practice and Belief 63 BCE-66 CE (1992).

In recent years E. P. Sanders has received further degrees: Doctor of Letters from the University of Oxford and Doctor of Theology (honoris causa) from the University of Helsinki. He is a Fellow of the British Academy.

E. P. SANDERS

The Historical Figure of Jesus

The Historical Figure of Jesus - image 1

The Historical Figure of Jesus - image 2

PENGUIN BOOKS

PENGUIN BOOKS

Published by the Penguin Group

Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England

Penguin Putnam Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA

Penguin Books Australia Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia

Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2

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Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd, Cnr Rosedale and Airborne Roads, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand

Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank 2196, South Africa

Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England

www.penguin.com

First published by Allen Lane The Penguin Press 1993

Published in Penguin Books 1995

Copyright E. P. Sanders, 1993

All rights reserved

The moral right of the author has been asserted

Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser

ISBN: 978-0-14-192822-7

For Jack and Susan

CONTENTS

Picture 3

ABBREVIATIONS

Picture 4

Antiq.Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Josephus' Works, edited and translated by H. St J. Thackeray, Ralph Marcus, Allen Wikgren and Louis Feldman, Loeb Classical Library, 10 vols., London and Cambridge MA, 192665
BCEBefore the Common Era (= BC )
CECommon Era (= AD )
HJPEmil Schrer, History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, revised and edited by Geza Vermes, Fergus Millar and Martin Goodman, 3 vols. in 4 parts, Edinburgh, 197387
J&J&E. P. Sanders, Jesus and Judaism, London and Philadelphia, 1985
JLJME. P. Sanders, Jewish Law from Jesus to the Mishnah: Five Studies, London and Philadelphia, 1990
NRSVNew Revised Standard Version of the Bible
P&BE. P. Sanders, Judaism: Practice and Belief, 63 BCE 66 CE , London and Philadelphia, 1992
RSVRevised Standard Version of the Bible
SSGE. P. Sanders and Margaret Davies, Studying the Synoptic Gospels, London and Philadelphia, 1989.
WarJosephus, The Jewish War, Josephus' Works (as above)
//Parallel to (Matt. 9.1417// Mark 2.1822 means that the passages are parallel to each other)
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

Picture 5

597 BCEConquest of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon; leading Jews taken to exile in Babylonia
559332Palestine under Persian rule
538Beginning of the return to Jerusalem
520515Rebuilding of the Temple
333332Conquest of Palestine by Alexander the Great
c. 300198Palestine under Ptolemies of Egypt
198142Palestine under Seleucids of Syria
175164Antiochus IV (Epiphanes), king of Syria
167Profanation of the Temple; beginning of Hasmonean (Maccabean) revolt
166142Hasmonean struggle for full autonomy
14237The Hasmonean period
63Conquest of Judaea by Pompey
6340Hyrcanus II high priest and ethnarch
4037Antigonus high priest and king
374Herod the Great king
31Battle of Actium: Octavian (later titled Augustus) becomes supreme over the Roman empire
4 BCE 6 CEArchelaus ethnarch, ruler of Judaea
4 BCE -39 CEAntipas tetrarch, ruler of Galilee and Peraea
c. 4 BCEBirth of Jesus of Nazareth
641 CEJudaea governed by Roman prefects
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