PENGUIN BOOKS
THE HISTORICAL FIGURE OF JESUS
Professor E. P. Sanders is America's most distinguished scholar in the field of Jesus-research today I hope to see The Historical Figure of Jesus widely used; it will be a healthy antidote to some of the extravagant claims made recently about the historical Jesus' Professor John B. Meier, Catholic University
A non-dogmatic, non-religious study of the evidence for Jesus's existence and career by a leading expert' Paul Johnson in the Sunday Times Books of the Year
A remarkably lucid book, that provides a comprehensive account of the life of Jesus from a historian's point of view. An excellent textbook for undergraduates, this volume will also be useful for graduate students and scholars as a convenient synthesis of the views of a major new testament scholar' Professor John J. Collins, University of Chicago
An exceptionally lucid and informative account of the relevant evidence (both Christian and non-Christian) and the problems it poses' G. A. Wells in the New Humanist
Better reading than most detective stories' E. C. Hodgkin in the Tablet Books of the Year
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
After receiving two baccalaureates in his native Texas, E. P. Sanders pursued graduate studies in Gttingen, Jerusalem, Oxford and New York, culminating in a Th.D. from Union Theological Seminary. He joined the Faculty at McMaster University, Ontario, in 1966. In 1984 he was elected Dean Ireland's Professor of Exegesis in the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Queen's College. He moved to Duke University, North Carolina, as Arts and Sciences Professor of Religion in 1990. He has held visiting professorships and lectureships at Trinity College, Dublin, and Cambridge University.
His field of special interest is Judaism and Christianity in the Graeco-Roman world. Paul and Palestinian Judaism (1977) won national book awards and Jesus and Judaism (1985) won the Grawemeyer Award in Religion and was chosen as one of the most significant works of religious history in the 1980s by the Sunday Correspondent. Other publications include The Tendencies of the Synoptic Tradition (1969), Paul, the Law and the Jewish People (1983), Studying the Synoptic Gospels (with Margaret Davies, 1989), Jewish Law from Jesus to the Mishnah (1990), Paul: Past Master (1991) and Judaism: Practice and Belief 63 BCE-66 CE (1992).
In recent years E. P. Sanders has received further degrees: Doctor of Letters from the University of Oxford and Doctor of Theology (honoris causa) from the University of Helsinki. He is a Fellow of the British Academy.
E. P. SANDERS
The Historical Figure of Jesus
PENGUIN BOOKS
PENGUIN BOOKS
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First published by Allen Lane The Penguin Press 1993
Published in Penguin Books 1995
Copyright E. P. Sanders, 1993
All rights reserved
The moral right of the author has been asserted
Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser
ISBN: 978-0-14-192822-7
For Jack and Susan
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
Antiq. | Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Josephus' Works, edited and translated by H. St J. Thackeray, Ralph Marcus, Allen Wikgren and Louis Feldman, Loeb Classical Library, 10 vols., London and Cambridge MA, 192665 |
BCE | Before the Common Era (= BC ) |
CE | Common Era (= AD ) |
HJP | Emil Schrer, History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, revised and edited by Geza Vermes, Fergus Millar and Martin Goodman, 3 vols. in 4 parts, Edinburgh, 197387 |
J&J& | E. P. Sanders, Jesus and Judaism, London and Philadelphia, 1985 |
JLJM | E. P. Sanders, Jewish Law from Jesus to the Mishnah: Five Studies, London and Philadelphia, 1990 |
NRSV | New Revised Standard Version of the Bible |
P&B | E. P. Sanders, Judaism: Practice and Belief, 63 BCE 66 CE , London and Philadelphia, 1992 |
RSV | Revised Standard Version of the Bible |
SSG | E. P. Sanders and Margaret Davies, Studying the Synoptic Gospels, London and Philadelphia, 1989. |
War | Josephus, The Jewish War, Josephus' Works (as above) |
// | Parallel to (Matt. 9.1417// Mark 2.1822 means that the passages are parallel to each other) |
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
597 BCE | Conquest of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon; leading Jews taken to exile in Babylonia |
559332 | Palestine under Persian rule |
538 | Beginning of the return to Jerusalem |
520515 | Rebuilding of the Temple |
333332 | Conquest of Palestine by Alexander the Great |
c. 300198 | Palestine under Ptolemies of Egypt |
198142 | Palestine under Seleucids of Syria |
175164 | Antiochus IV (Epiphanes), king of Syria |
167 | Profanation of the Temple; beginning of Hasmonean (Maccabean) revolt |
166142 | Hasmonean struggle for full autonomy |
14237 | The Hasmonean period |
63 | Conquest of Judaea by Pompey |
6340 | Hyrcanus II high priest and ethnarch |
4037 | Antigonus high priest and king |
374 | Herod the Great king |
31 | Battle of Actium: Octavian (later titled Augustus) becomes supreme over the Roman empire |
4 BCE 6 CE | Archelaus ethnarch, ruler of Judaea |
4 BCE -39 CE | Antipas tetrarch, ruler of Galilee and Peraea |
c. 4 BCE | Birth of Jesus of Nazareth |
641 CE | Judaea governed by Roman prefects |
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