Science and the Indian Tradition
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, India experienced an intellectual renaissance that owed as much to the influx of new ideas from the West as to traditional religious and cultural insights. This book examines the effects of the introduction of Western science in India, and the relationship between Indian traditions of thought and Western science. It charts the early development of science in India, its role in the secularization of Indian society, and the subsequent reassertion, adaptation and rejection of traditional modes of thought. It looks at the detailed beliefs of Indian scientists, including Jagadish Chandra Bose, S.N.Bose and P.C.Roy, and reflects upon how individual scientists could accept particular religious beliefs such as reincarnation, cosmology, miracles and prayer. It discusses some of the adaptations of traditional Indian beliefs with insights from Western science, in particular the place of science within the philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore and the 1930 discussions between Einstein and Tagore on the nature of reality. It is argued that the Hindu, Muslim and Christian philosophical and religious traditions have nothing to fear from scientific theories such as evolution and a unified field theory; indeed they may be mutually compatible. Overall, this book provides a detailed assessment of the results of the introduction of Western science into India, and will be of interest to scholars of Indian history and philosophy, historians of science and those interested in the interactions between Western and Indian traditions of intellectual thought.
David L.Gosling is the Principal of Edwardes College in the University of Peshawar, Pakistan, and he also teaches ecology in the University of Cambridge, where he was the first Spalding Fellow at Clare Hall. He has been the Director of Church and Society of the World Council of Churches, and is the author of Religion and Ecology in India and Southeast Asia.
India in the Modern World
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Challenging economic orthodoxy
T.T.Ram Mohan
2 Indiafrom Regional to World Power
Ashok Kapur
3 Science and the Indian Tradition
When Einstein met Tagore
David L.Gosling
Science and the Indian Tradition
When Einstein met Tagore
David L.Gosling
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 2007
by Routledge
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2007 David L.Gosling
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Gosling, David L., 1939
Science and the Indian tradition: when Einstein met Tagore/David L.Gosling.
p. cm.(India in the modern world series; 3)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. ScienceIndiaHistory19th century 2. ScienceIndiaHistory20th century. 3. IndiaCivilizationEuropean influences. 4. IndiaIntellectual life19th century. 5. IndiaIntellectual life20th century 6. Religion and scienceIndiaHistory19th century. 7. Religion and scienceIndiaHistory20th century. I. Title.
Q127.I4G77 2007
303.483095409041dc22 2006034941
ISBN13: 978-1-134-14332-0 ePub ISBN
ISBN10: 0-415-40209-3 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0-415-48134-1 (pbk)
ISBN10: 0-203-96188-9 (ebk)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-40209-5 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-48134-2 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-96188-9 (ebk)
This book is dedicated to Professor R.Ninian Smart and Libushka Smart
The God of humanity has arrived at the gates of the ruined temple of the tribe.
Rabindranath Tagore, from Gitjali
Contents
Illustrations
Figure
5.1 | The Standard Model of elementary particles |
Tables
7.1 | Courses and institutions of the respondents |
7.2 | Religious affinity of high school attended |
7.3 | A comparison between personal and parents religious affiliation |
7.4 | Whether conflict perceived between religion and science |
7.5 | Influence of degree course |
7.6 | Direction of change in beliefs due to influence of degree course or scientific research |
7.7 | A comparison of responses to specific areas of possible conflict between science and religion |
7.8 | Importance attached to religion |
7.9 | Extent of agreement with Einsteins statement |
7.10 | The importance of different authorities in making ethical decisions |
7.11 | Frequency of attendance at places of worship |
7.12 | Interpretation of God |
7.13 | Distribution of responses to reincarnation as a function of the importance attached to religion |
7.14 | Chi Square and the levels of significance for perceived conflict between religion and science and influence of degree course |
7.15 | Chi Square and the corresponding levels of significance for evolution and reincarnation |
7.16 | Importance of religion analysed in terms of attendance at places of worship |
7.17 | Values of Chi Square for Hindus and Christians according to the degree of importance attached to religion for a selection of responses to questions 4 and 5 |
Acknowledgements
This book was first suggested by Professor R.Ninian Smart, and I have therefore dedicated it to him. His idea began to come to fruition in February 2005 when I was asked to give the Teape seminars at the University of Cambridge. I am therefore grateful to the Trustees of the Teape Foundation and the Cambridge-Delhi Christian Partnership for this honour, and also for inviting me to give the main Teape lectures in India in 2008.
I also wish to express my gratitude to the following: John W.Bowker, Prem Sagar Dwivedi, Julius J.Lipner, Daniel OConnor and members of the Society of Ordained Scientists for their assistance.
I am grateful to Andrew Robinson for permission to use the photograph of Einstein with Tagore, published in Einstein: A Hundred Years of Relativity, 2005.
Rosemary Smith painstakingly typed and gave stylistic advice on the manuscript, and I am enormously grateful to her for that.
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