FINDING RICHARD III
The Official Account
of Research by the Retrieval and Reburial Project
FINDING RICHARD III
The Official Account
of Research
by the Retrieval and Reburial Project
together with original materials and
documentation
A.J. Carson (Ed.),
J. Ashdown-Hill, D. Johnson, W. Johnson
& P.J. Langley
Imprimis
Imprimatur
Also by Annette Carson:
Flight Unlimited (with Eric Mller)
Flight Unlimited 95 (with Eric Mller)
Flight Fantastic: The Illustrated History of Aerobatics
Jeff Beck: Crazy Fingers
Richard III: The Maligned King
Richard III: A Small Guide to the Great Debate
Richard Duke of Gloucester as Lord Protector and High Constable of England
Also by John Ashdown-Hill:
Eleanor, the Secret Queen
Mediaeval Colchesters Lost Landmarks
Richard IIIs Beloved Cousyn: John Howard and the House of York
The Last Days of Richard III
Royal Marriage Secrets: Consorts & Concubines Bigamists & Bastards
The Third Plantagenet, George, Duke of Clarence, Brother of Richard III
The Dublin King
The Mythology of Richard III
Also by David Johnson:
Adwalton Moor 1643: The Battle that Changed a War
Also by Philippa Langley:
The Kings Grave: The Search for Richard III (with Michael Jones)
Published by Imprimis Imprimatur
21 Havergate, Horstead, NR12 7EJ
A.J. Carson, J. Ashdown-Hill, D. Johnson, W. Johnson & P.J. Langley, 2014, 2015
The rights of Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley to be identified as the Authors of this work have been asserted in accordance with the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the copyright holders.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-0-9576840-3-4
Contents
Preface
Students of the late 15th century have more than their fair share of gripping historical mysteries to consider, among them an unsolved mediaeval whodunnit (the fate of the Princes in the Tower), several princely claimants of uncertain origin (precisely who were Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck?) and, until very recently, the last resting place of Richard III. Indeed, Richards own political life, his short-lived but eventful rule and his demise in battle against Henry Tudor at Bosworth in 1485, continues to fascinate. In 2009 the possibility of finding Richards remains, and adding significantly to our knowledge of his life, death and reputation, brought together a group of independent historical researchers and writers, in the Looking For Richard Project. Led by Philippa Langley, they shared membership of the Richard III Society and many years of prior independent study on the subject. This book is the authoritative, and frequently gripping, account of their discovery of the kings last resting place. It is written by the same team who organised the project, made the key historical and genealogical findings, and assembled the funding for the archaeological excavation.
The teams historical detective work involved painstaking re-consideration of all the sources for his burial and tomb, confirming its location in the choir of the Franciscan Priory in Leicester. But where was the choir? Here the teams scholarly analysis of Leicesters late mediaeval urban topography and of the layout of mendicant friaries had to overcome not only the errors made by later antiquaries and traditions, but also had to face down a persistent lack of professional enthusiasm about their research. Yet locating a skeleton was never likely to be enough only if Richard IIIs DNA could be traced forward in time to living relatives could his remains be identified beyond all doubt. John Ashdown-Hills genealogical research was pivotal in establishing one such a line of descent and demonstrating that mtDNA could be available from living descendants of Richards female siblings.
The Looking For Richard Project culminated in a specially commissioned archaeological investigation. One can only admire Philippa Langleys persistence in finding financial backers, chiefly from members of the Richard III Society but also including the local University and other sources. She also negotiated the necessary permissions from the local council, and attracted a TV production company. It was a triumph of facilitation accomplished by independent historians and unpaid volunteers who were often faced with scepticism or indifference. Yet even more fundraising was required from Richard III Society members up to the last minute, without which the remains may still lie under car park tarmac in Leicester, or in a re-filled archaeological trench, and potentially awaiting destruction by future building development. Throughout the book the teams learned approach, historical and scientific understanding, clarity of purpose and years of dedication are fully revealed. We are all in their debt.
The Looking For Richard Project team has truly re-written history so read on and find out exactly how they did it.
Dr Christopher Thornton, FSA, FRHistS
Associate Fellow, Institute of Historical Research
May 2014
1
Death and Burial: Sine ullo funere honore
On 22 August 1485 Richard III was killed at the battle of Bosworth (known variously at the time as Redemore). According to the contemporary report of the chronicle of Crowland Abbey, he received many mortal wounds and, like a spirited and most courageous prince, fell in battle on the field and not in flight (Nam inter pugnandum et non in fuga ... Richardus multis letalibus vulneribus ictus quasi princeps animosus et audentissimus in campo occubuit).
In death his body was widely reported as subjected to indignities: many other insults were offered, the Crowland chronicle remarks, which included having a felons halter placed around his neck as he was carried to Leicester with insufficient humanity (multasque alias contumelias illatus ipsoque non satis humaniter propter funem in collum adjectum usque ad Leicestriam deportato).
On arrival in Leicester Richards body was exposed to public gaze, as the new King Henry VII announced in a public proclamation: ... brought dede of the feld unto the towne of Leicestre, and ther was laide oppenly that every man mighe se and luke upon him.
Reliable sources for what happened during the ensuing days in Leicester are scant and inconsistent, but some accounts mention his body being taken to the Newarke, which is generally held to refer to the Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, known as St Mary-in-the-Newark, a Lancastrian foundation. The Frowyk Chronicle reports that Richard was ... bered atte Laycet[er] in the newe vorke.
This assertion that he was buried in the Newark has given rise to the tentative suggestion that he might have been interred there, at least initially.explanation for references to the Newarke is that St Mary-in-the-Newark was chosen as the location for the public display of the late kings body on arrival in Leicester.
The Warwickshire priest and antiquary John Rous, writing after 1486 and before 1491, states that finally he was buried in the choir of the Friars Minor at Leicester (