Zhouxiang Lu - A history of Shaolin : Buddhism, kung fu and identity

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A History of Shaolin

Shaolin Monastery at Mount Song is considered the epicentre of the Chan school of Buddhism. It is also well known for its martial arts tradition and has long been regarded as a special cultural heritage site and an important symbol of the Chinese nation. This book is the first scholarly work in English to comprehensively examine the full history of Shaolin Monastery from 496 to 2016. More importantly, it offers a clear grasp of the origins and development of Chan Buddhism through an examination of Shaolin, and highlights the role of Shaolin and Shaolin kung fu in the construction of a national identity among the Chinese people in the past two centuries.

Lu Zhouxiang is Lecturer in Chinese Studies within the School of Modern Languages, Literatures and Cultures at the National University of Ireland Maynooth, Ireland.

Routledge Studies in Cultural History

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Edited by Ulla Aatsinki, Johanna Annola, and Mervi Kaarninen

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Edited by Hoda Mahmoudi and Steven Mintz

A History of Shaolin

Buddhism, Kung Fu and Identity

Lu Zhouxiang

For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Routledge-Studies-in-Cultural-History/book-series/SE0367

First published 2019

by Routledge

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

and by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2019 Taylor & Francis

The right of Lu Zhouxiang to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN: 978-0-367-20460-0 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-429-26162-6 (ebk)

Typeset in Sabon

by Apex CoVantage, LLC

Contents

Guide

ACGE	All China National Skills Exam
ACSF	All China Sports Federation
ARA	Administration for Religious Affairs
ARC	Anti-Rightist Campaign
BAC	Buddhist Association of China
CCP	Chinese Communist Party
CIPG	China International Publishing Group
CNSA	Central National Skills Academy
CNW	Chinese New Wushu
CWA	Chinese Wushu Association
GLF	Great Leap Forward
KMT	Chinese Nationalist Party
NPC	National Peoples Congress
NWT	National Wushu Town
PMAA	Pure Martial Athletic Association
PRC	Peoples Republic of China
ROC	Republic of China
RTHK	Radio Television Hong Kong
SANA	Shaolin Association of North America
SARA	State Administration of Religious Affairs
SEA	Shaolin Europe Association
SGR	Shaolin Guard Regiment
SWMT	Shaolin Warrior Monks Troupe
UFD	United Front Department

I wish to thank Abbot Shi Xingzheng, Abbot Shi Yongxin, Master Shi Suxi, Venerable Zhao Puchu, Master Shi Yongzhai, Master Shi Deqian, Master Liu Baoshan and Master Liang Yiquan for their contribution in protecting, preserving and promoting Shaolin Monastery, Chan Buddhism and Shaolin kung fu.

I must thank Mr. Lu Hongjun, Mr. Tang Hao, Mr. Wu Gu, Mr. Xu Changqing, Mr. Ye Derong, Mr. Yue Xiaofeng, Mr. Zhen Binghao, Mr. Zou Xiang, Prof. Cai Baozhong, Prof. Cheng Dali, Prof. Ma Mingda, Prof. Ma Aimin, Prof. Meir Shahar, Prof. Wen Yucheng, Prof. Zhou Weiliang and all those who have made great efforts and contribution in studying the history of Shaolin and promoting Shaolin culture.

I am especially grateful to my editor at Routledge, Mr. Max Novick, for his trust and support, and I want to thank Jennifer Morrow for her diligent work in preparing the manuscript for publication. I would also like to express my gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and feedback for this project.

Introduction

Buddhism was brought to China during the Han dynasty (206 BC220 AD) by monks from India, via the Silk Road.

Today, Buddhism is widely regarded as an important indigenous Chinese tradition. The development of Buddhism in China led to the building of renowned statues, monasteries and historical sites, including White Horse Monastery in Luoyang, Donglin Monastery on Mount Lu, Huayan Monastery in Datong, Guoqing Monastery on Mount Tiantai, the Longmen Grottoes in Henan, the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang and Fayuan Monastery in Beijing.

Shaolin Monastery in Dengfeng is considered the epicentre of the Chan school of Buddhism. This ancient monastery is also well known for its martial arts tradition and has long been recognised as a unique Chinese cultural heritage site and an important symbol of the Chinese nation. Shaolin was born during the first golden age of Buddhism in China. It was built around 496 by Emperor Xiaowen (467499) for the Indian monk Batuo, who had travelled to China to spread Buddhist teachings. Based on the legends of Bodhidharma (?mid-530s), the first patriarch of the Chinese Chan lineage, and thanks to royal patronage, Shaolin earned great fame as the cradle of Chan and a centre of Buddhist studies.

The perfect combination of Chan Buddhism, martial arts and traditional Chinese culture has made Shaolin unique and noteworthy. Today, Shaolin is widely recognised as a leading religious institution in China

Studying Shaolin in the context of the history of Chan Buddhism and Chinese martial arts is of vital importance in understanding the formation of Chinese culture and identity. From the late 1920s, Chinese scholars began to examine the history and theories of Shaolin kung fu, due to its overwhelming popularity. Book chapters, journal articles and monographs were published to this end.

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